Historical Sciences Studies

Abstract Since the Treaty of Paris, which led to the separation of the Herat province from Iran and its annexation to Afghanistan, the downstream section of this river has been recognized as the water border between the two countries. This event coincided with the imperial ambitions of Tsarist Russia, aimed at extending its influence in the Central Asian and Khorasan regions. The Akhal Treaty between Iran and Russia established the continuation of the river's path from the Serkhs border point, incorporating the Kashf River and designating it as the water boundary between Iran and Russia. Consequently, the geopolitical and hydro political significance of this river was heightened at both national and international levels. After the collapse of the Tsarist regime in October 1917 and the establishment of the Soviet government, issues regarding the water borders of the two countries continued to be centered around the Turkmen region on either side of the river. main issues of this research involve examining the implications of changing the status of the Harirud River as a water border among three countries and the border challenges between Iran and Russia under the new conditions. also addresses both parties' negligence in accurately implementing specialized protocols and agreements related to water and border rivers, as well as the impact of these issues on the agricultural lives of the residents along the banks of the Harirud River. Additionally, it investigates the actions of local officials from both sides and measures regarding water governance in the rivers and water economy,

Abstract The relations between Iran and the Russian government during the Qajar period were always affected by Russia's economic-political colonial goals in Iran. It was in pursuit of these goals that the Russian government developed its economic, political and military influence in the northern regions of Iran, especially Guilan, in various ways during the Qajar period. They took various actions with the aim of dominating Iran's economy. One of the most important and effective measures was the establishment or support of Russian investment companies in Iran. With this description, in this research, the activity of one of the most important Russian companies active in Guilan, namely "Transport Insurance Company", is analyzed and investigated. Based on this, the main question of the research is what was the activity of this company during the Naseri period and what effect did it have on advancing the political-economic goals of the Russian government in Iran? Based on the findings of the research, the Russians, with the aim of penetrating Iran's economy (in order to achieve colonial goals), took various measures such as obtaining concessions, increasing trade with Iran, supporting Russian businessmen who did business with Iran, and such things. Investing in Iran by establishing or expanding the activities of Russian companies to Iran was one of the other actions of Russia. In this regard, various companies, such as transport insurance, were active in the field of trade with Iran. The Russian government supported this company and by buying most of its shares and helping to receive lucrative concessions from the Iranian government, helped to strengthen and continue the activities of this company in Iran. This government also managed to increase its influence and dominance in Iran's economy

Abstract Atrak River is one of the longest border rivers of Iran, whose source is the heights near Qochan in the north of Khorasan and it travels a path from east to west on the common border of Iran and Russia and recently Turkmenistan. This river has an important place in the political history of the region, a part of it in the Chat area, according to the Akhal Treaty in 1299 AH, became the official and common border of Qajar Iran and the Tsarist Russian Empire and after a few decades after the October Revolution in 1917, it was determined as the border between Iran and the Soviet Union and it was decided that at least 50% of the water of this river will enter the regions of that country. In addition to its border importance, Atrak River has always been of interest in terms of irrigation of agricultural lands and various construction facilities and creation of sources of income. Therefore, giving importance to issues related to water and border rivers such as Atrak in studies of contemporary history plays an important role in determining the behavior of water diplomacy and economic decisions. The present research, using descriptive-analytical method and relying on library and documentary sources, aims to answer the question, what effect did the Atrak River have on the hydropolitical relations of Iran and its neighbors in the direction of stability and reduction of water and border tensions? And what effect did it have on the historical developments of the east of the Caspian Sea, in terms of population and economy? The claim of the research is that due to the changes in the Atrak River bed due to natural causes and human intervention, there have always been problems and tensions in determining the borders of Iran with neighboring lands. Also, the Turkmen-inhabited region on both sides of the river has a desert climate, and the Etrak river basin is one of the water sources of this land, Therefore, the arbitrary withdrawal of water by the countries has caused challenges between the two countries, and to solve this problem, agreements were always signed in different periods, the results of which were the relative interactions of the parties in the last century