Historical Sciences Studies

Abstract JORJĀN was an economic, cultural, scientific and political hub in the district of Jorjan during the third, fourth and fifth centuries AH. The prosperity of trade made it one of the richest cities in Iran. Historical Written sources have spoken about the commercial connection of the city of Jorjan with Neyshābūr, Khwarezm, Ray, the cities of Tabarestan especially Tamisa and Amol, and even the cities of the Caspian province on the other side of the Caspian lake. During the first six centuries of the Islamic era, the city of JORJĀN was known as the economic hub of the JORJĀN region. Jorjan had established trade relations and cultural exchanges with important cities such as Neyshabur, Ray, Amol and Khwarezm by land and with the cities of the Khazar region and beyond by sea. Therefore, the main question of the research was considered as what were the transportation routes of the city of Jorjan, during its life, from the first centuries of Islam until the time of the Mongol attack that caused the destruction of this city? According to the identification of the possible location of one of the gates of the city wall by the authors during the research, can we find a meaningful connection between the roads leading to the city and this gate? This research has been done using written historical sources and archaeological evidence and with a library method and a descriptive and analytical approach. The researches led to the identification of the roads connecting the city of Jorjan with Neyshabur, Ray, the cities of Tabarestan, Khwarezm and the port of Abaskun and a large number of inter-road places and staging posts on these routes were also accurately located. According to the location of the possible gate discovered, the result of the research shows that this gate was used to connect the city of Jorjanand the port of Abaskun. Also, there is a weak possibility that this gate was accessed by the Bakrabad-Estarabad road or the roads leading to Khwarezm and Dehistan.

Abstract The relations between Iran and the Russian government during the Qajar period were always affected by Russia's economic-political colonial goals in Iran. It was in pursuit of these goals that the Russian government developed its economic, political and military influence in the northern regions of Iran, especially Guilan, in various ways during the Qajar period. They took various actions with the aim of dominating Iran's economy. One of the most important and effective measures was the establishment or support of Russian investment companies in Iran. With this description, in this research, the activity of one of the most important Russian companies active in Guilan, namely "Transport Insurance Company", is analyzed and investigated. Based on this, the main question of the research is what was the activity of this company during the Naseri period and what effect did it have on advancing the political-economic goals of the Russian government in Iran? Based on the findings of the research, the Russians, with the aim of penetrating Iran's economy (in order to achieve colonial goals), took various measures such as obtaining concessions, increasing trade with Iran, supporting Russian businessmen who did business with Iran, and such things. Investing in Iran by establishing or expanding the activities of Russian companies to Iran was one of the other actions of Russia. In this regard, various companies, such as transport insurance, were active in the field of trade with Iran. The Russian government supported this company and by buying most of its shares and helping to receive lucrative concessions from the Iranian government, helped to strengthen and continue the activities of this company in Iran. This government also managed to increase its influence and dominance in Iran's economy