masoumeh hadi; mohsen rahmati; Jahanbakhsh Savagheb; mojtaba garavand
Abstract
There were many Sufi orders in a wide area of India and Iran in the 7th-9th centuries. Sufis, who were known as a symbol of asceticism and worldliness, were engaged in austerity and ...
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There were many Sufi orders in a wide area of India and Iran in the 7th-9th centuries. Sufis, who were known as a symbol of asceticism and worldliness, were engaged in austerity and self-cultivation by withdrawing from the world and settling in a Khanqah “monastery”. Providing for the living expenses of the Khanqah residents was the responsibility of the murshid, which was realized in different ways, one of which was estate and land ownership. Since most of these estates were given to the monastery by the sultans, and because working on the land was somehow considered an obstacle to austerity, accepting or rejecting these grants as well as land ownership became an issue for the Sufis, who had different sects, attitudes and practices. They expressed different opinions about this. . By descriptive and analytical method, this Study, seeks to answer the question that the attitude of the Sufis of the mentioned tariqas in India and Iran in the 7th-9th centuries AD. How was it related to land ownership and the income from it?This study is based on the hypothesis that there was no necessary harmony between the theoretical teachings and the practical behavior of the sheikhs of the Tariqas in the 7th and 9th centuries of Hijri in Iran and India; As the sheikhs of the three of studied tariqas(i.e, Cheshtiyyeh, Kobraviyyeh and Sohravardiyyeh), by deviating from the theoretical teachings based on recommending the disciples to religious practices and asceticism, in order to finance the expenses of their Khanqahs, they tended to land ownership, but the performance of the sheikhs of Kazeruniyyeh was different from the other three sects.
