Historical Sciences Studies

Abstract Since the Treaty of Paris, which led to the separation of the Herat province from Iran and its annexation to Afghanistan, the downstream section of this river has been recognized as the water border between the two countries. This event coincided with the imperial ambitions of Tsarist Russia, aimed at extending its influence in the Central Asian and Khorasan regions. The Akhal Treaty between Iran and Russia established the continuation of the river's path from the Serkhs border point, incorporating the Kashf River and designating it as the water boundary between Iran and Russia. Consequently, the geopolitical and hydro political significance of this river was heightened at both national and international levels. After the collapse of the Tsarist regime in October 1917 and the establishment of the Soviet government, issues regarding the water borders of the two countries continued to be centered around the Turkmen region on either side of the river. main issues of this research involve examining the implications of changing the status of the Harirud River as a water border among three countries and the border challenges between Iran and Russia under the new conditions. also addresses both parties' negligence in accurately implementing specialized protocols and agreements related to water and border rivers, as well as the impact of these issues on the agricultural lives of the residents along the banks of the Harirud River. Additionally, it investigates the actions of local officials from both sides and measures regarding water governance in the rivers and water economy,

Abstract The relations between Iran and the Russian government during the Qajar period were always affected by Russia's economic-political colonial goals in Iran. It was in pursuit of these goals that the Russian government developed its economic, political and military influence in the northern regions of Iran, especially Guilan, in various ways during the Qajar period. They took various actions with the aim of dominating Iran's economy. One of the most important and effective measures was the establishment or support of Russian investment companies in Iran. With this description, in this research, the activity of one of the most important Russian companies active in Guilan, namely "Transport Insurance Company", is analyzed and investigated. Based on this, the main question of the research is what was the activity of this company during the Naseri period and what effect did it have on advancing the political-economic goals of the Russian government in Iran? Based on the findings of the research, the Russians, with the aim of penetrating Iran's economy (in order to achieve colonial goals), took various measures such as obtaining concessions, increasing trade with Iran, supporting Russian businessmen who did business with Iran, and such things. Investing in Iran by establishing or expanding the activities of Russian companies to Iran was one of the other actions of Russia. In this regard, various companies, such as transport insurance, were active in the field of trade with Iran. The Russian government supported this company and by buying most of its shares and helping to receive lucrative concessions from the Iranian government, helped to strengthen and continue the activities of this company in Iran. This government also managed to increase its influence and dominance in Iran's economy

Abstract The competition between Russia and England in Iran for the purpose of developing possessions and concluding concession contracts started from the beginning of the Qajar period in the 19th century and gradually intensified. One of the factors that intensified the rivalry between Russia and England in Iran was the issue of India. British to protect India and Russians to disturb the British in India were applying many policies in parts of Iran. The issue of India and some other factors caused the rivalry between Russia and England in the last years of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century to be more concentrated in the eastern regions of Iran, especially Sistan. The competition of these two European countries in the east of Iran had reached such a height that they established a consulate in Sistan to achieve their goals. By establishing a consulate in Sistan, these two great colonial powers, on the one hand, wanted to know about the plans of the rivals and on the other hand, sought to advance their goals and interests. The confrontation between the Russian and British consulates in Sistan along with the positions of the central government of Iran and the local rulers of the region caused complex relations between these two consulates in Sistan. The most important issue of the present article is what was the relationship between the Russian and British consulates in Sistan? The assumption of this article is that the relations between the Russian and British consulates in Sistan were more competitive and confrontational. Of course, they interacted with each other regarding cultural issues and political issues in emergency situations. This writing has been done in a historical method with a descriptive-analytical method using library sources and documents

Abstract Atrak River is one of the longest border rivers of Iran, whose source is the heights near Qochan in the north of Khorasan and it travels a path from east to west on the common border of Iran and Russia and recently Turkmenistan. This river has an important place in the political history of the region, a part of it in the Chat area, according to the Akhal Treaty in 1299 AH, became the official and common border of Qajar Iran and the Tsarist Russian Empire and after a few decades after the October Revolution in 1917, it was determined as the border between Iran and the Soviet Union and it was decided that at least 50% of the water of this river will enter the regions of that country. In addition to its border importance, Atrak River has always been of interest in terms of irrigation of agricultural lands and various construction facilities and creation of sources of income. Therefore, giving importance to issues related to water and border rivers such as Atrak in studies of contemporary history plays an important role in determining the behavior of water diplomacy and economic decisions. The present research, using descriptive-analytical method and relying on library and documentary sources, aims to answer the question, what effect did the Atrak River have on the hydropolitical relations of Iran and its neighbors in the direction of stability and reduction of water and border tensions? And what effect did it have on the historical developments of the east of the Caspian Sea, in terms of population and economy? The claim of the research is that due to the changes in the Atrak River bed due to natural causes and human intervention, there have always been problems and tensions in determining the borders of Iran with neighboring lands. Also, the Turkmen-inhabited region on both sides of the river has a desert climate, and the Etrak river basin is one of the water sources of this land, Therefore, the arbitrary withdrawal of water by the countries has caused challenges between the two countries, and to solve this problem, agreements were always signed in different periods, the results of which were the relative interactions of the parties in the last century

Abstract In the 16^th century, international trade underwent profound changes, the establishment of trade corporations and new trade routes being among the most significant proofs and evidence. The Muscovy Company was one of the first companies to successfully explore and incorporate a new marine route into international trade. It was also able to initiate the first direct commercial and diplomatic relations between England and Iran through the northern seas and Russia. However, after twenty years of business work in Safavid Iran, it ceased its commercial activities in Iran and English commerce. This paper investigates the causes that prompted Muscovy Company to discontinue trade with Iran via the northern seas with Russia, as well as the effective factors that led to this decision. This paper employs a descriptive-analytical approach based on library sources to investigate the reasons for the temporary break in commercial relations between England and Iran in the second half of the 16^th century. Our research indicates that the political relations between the Safavid, Ottoman, Russian, and English governments, as well as the ensuing wars and peace, competition, and hostile relations, negatively impacted the company's operations. The geographical and security conditions that dominated the company's route created numerous obstacles for the business of the English merchandise. In addition to overcoming these obstacles, they had to compete with ancient and experienced Turks, Armenians, and Venetians on the Iranian market. The aforementioned impediments persuaded the London-based leaders of the Muscovy Company to abandon trade with Iran via the northern routes.

Abstract Russia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution

Abstract Expanding of the transport routes and having a sea route is the most important comparative advantage for the economic and political stability of a country and reduces dependence on neighboring countries. However, during the Qajar period, little attention was paid to this issue. During Reza Shah's reign, there was an extensive development in the road construction, that some have been referred it as "Knitting Iran together". Now, the main question is what factors influenced the extensive road construction policy of Iran during the Reza Shah period? This paper wants to answer this question based on the theory of dependent development and the model of the central-peripheral world economic system. The premise of this paper is that the growth of Iran's agricultural economy, especially the Northern provinces in the last decades of the Qajar period was influenced by the economic development of the semi-peripheral country of Russia. Research findings Shows that this dependence continued during the reign of Reza Shah and the Russians aware of Iran's economic dependence on this country, used it as leverage to apply their political and economic goals. Thus, an important part of Iran's road-building policy was to reduce Russian trade pressures on the northern provinces. The government expanded its road construction policy to south and the west of the country with the aim of access to the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean ports. Construction of Tabriz-Ruwanduz road to the Mediterranean Sea could end Russia's economic domination of the northern and western provinces of Iran

Abstract After signing the constitutionalism decree and the ratification of the constitution, political and economic powers were reduced and according to the law, the royal financial rights were granted to him through the approval and supervision of the parliament. During the reign of Muhammad-Ali Shah, and in contention of his conflict with the constitutionalists, parliamentarians also limited his funds to threaten the political power of the king. The king sold and redeemed crown jewels in order to provide financial resources to advance political goals. With the end of minor despotism, the constitutionalists scrutinized crown jewels carefully and in a long process they did efforts to retrieve the jewels from the king and those who sold jewels or were taken to pledge. Russia and Britain showed a different approach to these efforts. The constitutionalism revolution guided the public opinion towards the crown jewels, and the jewels were turned from king's personal wealth to the national wealth that they were used by the monarchy under the supervision of representatives of the people. The present study Aims to Study that how constitutionalists deal with selling and pledging of jewels from him and what is the reaction of the Russian and British Governments to it. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, and library resources and archival documents have been used in this study.

Abstract The Great Game of Russia and Britain, which began in the early nineteenth century, led to the confrontation of the two powers in Iran until the early twentieth century. The Russian-British rivalry in Iran intensified after the second round of Iran-Russia wars in the Caucasus, when the restoration of Iran’s historical rule over Herat was on the agenda of the Iranian government, resulting in the siege of Herat in 1837, an incident that caused British politicians to worry about Russia’s expansion in the western borders of India. The findings of this study indicate that the idea of ​​capturing Herat was partly influenced by Russians’ support to divert the Iranian government’s attention from the Caucasus. In addition, with the Herat crisis and Britain’s concern about the expansion of Russia’s influence on the borders of India, the creation of a buffer state became vital in the framework of India’s defense strategy. Under the circumstances that Russians were supporting the Iranian court during the siege of Herat, Palmerston’s regional and extra-regional aggressive policy, followed by Russians’ passive stance, led to the rapid deployment of force to the Persian Gulf and ended the campaign in Herat in favor of Britain. Afterwards, Britain stabilized its position in today’s Afghanistan. Contrary to other studies that mostly examine the issue of Herat in the framework of Iran’s relations with Britain, Russia, or the Emirate of Afghanistan, this article examines the issue of Herat’s siege in the context of the Great Game.

Abstract In the final years of the First World War, the Jungle Movement went into a battle against the English troops resulted from the military changes of the Caucasian region. The English troops needed a quick passage to the Caucasus through Gilan, but the Jungle Movement prevented them and this culminated in a battle. This battle is one of the most important events in the history of the movement and it had a strong effect on its destiny. Hence, the study and analysis of it, particularly thetactics adopted by the movement and their effects, is very important. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to answer the questions as to what tactics the movement employed in the battle against the English and what the results of these tactics were for the movement. In general, four tactics are distinguished in this battle: regular warfare, partisan warfare, urban warfare, and peace. The analysis of the quality of these tactics demonstrates that, except for the partisan warfare, other tactics had negative results for the movement.

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The Caucasus region has had a great importance in the Iranian history since ancient times and has played a major role in the main developments of Iranian foreign relations. By separation from Iran in 1828, this significance remained for the coming decades; although its shape have changed. The main purpose of this paper is study and review role of Armenians in tendency to Russian empire from last decades of the safavid dynstay to the Turkmanchay treaty. We try answer to this main question that the scientific views of the last two centuries, that consider joining to Tsarist Russia as a general and maximal demand of Armenian community, how much is it consistent with the historical reality and the relevant sources and archival documents?. By examining the relevant documents and sources, present study shows that this trend was not a maximum demand and many parts and main church of the Armenian community had no adesire for join to Russian Empire.  Because of various reasons, including the political support of the Iranian governments from the Christians especially during the stabilization of the central power, most of the Armenians have called for continuity in the Iranian society.
 

Abstract The military domination of Russia on Transoxiana imported, for the first time, the title of Russian Turkestan in political geography in 19 century. What belongs to this territory includes the khanate of Khoqand and some regions of Bukhara, and Khiva. The main difference between Turkestan and two other khanates  was their relationship with Russia. While Turkestan was incorporated to Russia the two others were considered as protectorates and lost some parts of their lands. Answering this question “How was the reaction of traditional scholars living in occupied territories toward the abolition of the Islamic government and the process of new Russian order establishment and implementation?” is what we are looking to access in present essay. Our initial response is that despite their early peaceful conflicts and their struggles to find a way to preserve their Muslim identity, they achieved the convergence by Russians eventually.    With a little modification the research results show that although the traditional scholars living in the occupied territories initially got the policy of non-conflicting divergence, using some cultural methods to maintain their Muslim identity, but they finally decided to come to a convergence to Russia due to their weakness and the interests of their interaction.

Abstract Although the history of communication is as old as history of human society, the speed and volume of communication with the advent of electronic era in the 19th century created a revolution in the communication technology. At a time when Prussia was traversing the path of industrialization and the number of companies investing in different industries was increasing by the day, the Company of Siemens Brothers enjoyed an outstanding position in communication technology and manufacturing of electronic equipments. Through utilizing effective administrative system, family ties, experiment-based innovations, the Company launched great plans which connected different parts of the world and made the transmission of messages in short time possible. This development left a serious impact on economy, politics, military movements, diplomacy and cultural exchanges, in addition to providing necessary grounds for the completion of this technology in the 20th century. The present paper is an attempt to study the intrinsic reasons and extrinsic factors that prepared the grounds for the rise of Siemens and its role in the communications revolution which in its turn transformed the communication system in the world in the period under study.

Abstract With the French occupation of Egypt in 1798 AD, the communication route of Britain to India was threatened and a new stage of conflict and competition began between the two countries in eastern Mediterranean, Ottoman, Iran, Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. Although threats temporarily subsided with the French abandoning Egypt, but the continuous French expansionism in the east caused them persist as much potential. While Ottoman and Iran were coming into closer relationships with France and entering the European political circle, their territories were among the first to be met on the route to attack India. In 1808, after the Tilsit Treaty and the alliance between France and Russia, Sir John Malcom proposed the plan of occupation of Khark aimed at blocking the probable attack to India by a European army through Ottoman and southern Iran. This article deals with these threats, the British reaction and Malcom’s within the frameworks of European diplomacy and hence, French and British regional policies.