Historical Sciences Studies

Abstract Many comments have been already made about the location of Elamite cities, but areas such as Zabshaly have been less paid attention. The metal mines are among the features of the region pointed in Mesopotamian inscriptions. The study of the pattern of metal mines dispersion in Iran indicates that there are no metal mines in Elamite centers in Fars and Khuzestan, however there are metal mines in northern regions of these centers, what makes the study of Elamite centers periphery essential. The geographical area of Isfahan province is one of these areas. Archaeological data, what have been newly found from Shahr e Sabā (Rigsaray of Varzane) and 'Asgarān in Isfahan Province and Ardal in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, show the existence of Elamite areas. It has been tried, in present paper, to suggest a geographical location for Zabshali by analyzing and integrating archaeological data and studying Mesopotamian inscription.

Abstract Carpet became one of the Iranian important export commodities after a significant boom in Iran's international carpet business in the middle of the Qajar period. The question arises here is how the Qajar administration played role in managing this industry and business. This study is to evaluate the government's measures in the field of carpet in the Qajar era. This paper matters a lot, considering the significant role of the government in the economy of Iran, as an experience for the governmental management of carpet industry. The study shows that Qajar administration carried out several programs such as: opposing with ink colors usage in the carpet weaving, supporting foreign companies, introducing Iranian carpet to the world and helping the international carpet business development. The executive agents of the state policy were: Department of State, Ministry of Commerce, Department of Finance, Customs office and Consulates. The data collection has been library-based and documentary and it has been analyzed through historical method.

Abstract Tabari Nowruz’ (Tabari New Year’s Day) is concurrent with Ābrīzān festival, according to what has been mentioned in some lithographical editions of šarḥ-e bīst bāb (Commentary on Twenty Chapters) of Mollā Moẓaffar Gonābādī, in the description of the festival. Such a matter can also be seen in a Zoroastrian manuscript copied in 1718 A.D. (1130 Hijri.). While Abrīzān festival used to be held on the summer solstice up to the first half of 17th century, the notion of a ‘Tabari New Year’s Day’, fixed in early summertime, has led to the assumption of existence of local calendars with fixed years and intercalary days in southern littoral regions of Caspian Sea. This article evaluates the textual authenticity of ‘Tabari Nowruz’ in šarḥ-e bīst bāb and studies the calendrical place of New Year’s Day and epagomenae in the local southern littoral regions of Caspian Sea. It also assesses the modern developments in interpreting this local calendar.
 

Abstract MiddleEasthasexperienced several ethnic, national, and religious convergences and divergences along the 20th century, especially after the World War II. Paneism was one of the mentioned convergences. Pan-Arabism took a fresh start with Gamal Abel Nasser's leadership in this period. Iranian nationalism was also mutually highlighted in various forms. Emphasizing the Islamic unity, Pan Islamicism was another trend of convergence of those years.Whatcausepan-Arabismandpan-Iranismbeing confronted in this period of time was the use of indecent words for some parts of Iran. The main question, according what was mentioned above, is: How did Iranian national and civil institutions confront with Nasser's proposed pan-Arabism? It is assumed that the Iranian government, which sought to reduce tentions in the region, invited the Middle East people to converge with the religion of Islam through bringing pan-Islamism up again, in spite of the opposition of all Iranian political and civil institutions. ­Using a descriptive – analytic method, this study has been accomplished based on available documents.

Abstract The stone Mosque/Mill of Darab is one of the most controversial monuments in the history of Iranian architecture. Attracting the attention of orientalists and many Iranian historians, from the beginning of 19th century, it made them to speak and present various opinions about its function and the date of its construction. Some have considered it as a Mithraic temple, a Zoroastrian fire temple, a Christian church, a Buddhist temple, an Islamic mosque, and even a monastery or caravanserai. The main cause of this turmoil and the variety of presented views, from the writers' point of view, is the lack of attention and disability in reading the inscriptions on the entrance, the altar, and the stone mill inscriptions that leads to the failure of many studies related to the construction.  In addition to reading the full text of the inscriptions, in present study, the antiquity of the building, the date of its construction, the type of its use, and the name the founder of the masonry of the Darab's  stone mosque and his consanguinity  have been clarified  according to contemporary historical texts.
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Abstract The importance of recognizing and criticizing
the opposing groups and parties with the Pahlavi regime is undeniable in the
studies of the history of Islamic revolution in Iran, a factor that has not
been mentioned in the history of current research, or an error has occurred in
its analysis. Through a descriptive – analytic method, the present paper has
concluded, as an answer to the question why and how the Hezbollah group split
and collapsed, that serious dilemma inside the group that had reduced the loyalty
and commitment of many members.  On the
other hand the social, strategic and tactical attractiveness of the MKO
(Mojahedin Khalq Organization) for the majority of the members of Hezbollah
group changed the integration proposal of organization to a point of blasting
the Hezbollah intergroup disputes which resulted in its split and then collapse

Abstract In order to understand the concept of the winged angel, this article examines the historical course of these roles and studies their conceptual and figurative evolution and transformation through a period from ancient Iran (Persia) up to the Qajar era. After examining Nike Goddess in Greece and Victoria Goddess in Rome, the Goddess of Winged Angel during the Parthian and Sasanian periods has been scrutinized in present paper. It has been determined that these elements have been eliminated with the arrival of Islam, however they reappeared when miniature restarted in Iran. More detailed studies about Qajar period show that although the Qajar winged angelic designs are derived from these ancient motifs and they are visually and schematically similar to the ancient patterns, they are different in terms of function and perception of original concept.