Historical Sciences Studies

Vakil al-Dawla (the Deputy of Kingship) or Vakil al-Raya(the Deputy of Peasants): A Research on the Title of Karim Khan Zand

Farhad Zeinivand Nejad; Seyed Hashem Aghajari

Volume 15, Issue 4 , February 2024, , Pages 27-54

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.368072.473670

Abstract

“Karim Khan Zand” is one of the most prominent people who was able to establish his rule over important parts of Iran after the death of “Nader Shah Afshar”. ... Read More “Karim Khan Zand” is one of the most prominent people who was able to establish his rule over important parts of Iran after the death of “Nader Shah Afshar”. Many stories have been told about his behavior and character in different sources, one of the most important of these quotes is about “Karim Khan Zand”'s title, which means "Vakil al-Raaya". Later, many researchers have given many reasons in response to the attribution of this title to “Karim Khan Zand”, which are not consistent with historical documents and sources, and in addition, with the political and social context of Iran's pre-constitutional society. Therefore, the main question of this research is, when was the title "Vakil al-Raya" used for “Karim Khan” and what are the factors affecting its use? This research answers these questions with a historical method and a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on the content analysis of the documents and the critical study of the historical sources of" the Zand dynasty" and "Qajar" periods. The results of this research show that the contemporary sources of "Karim Khan Zand" did not mention this title during his lifetime, on the other hand, "Karim Khan Zand" also considered himself as "Vakil al-Dawlah" of ” Ismail III" after the defeat of the claimants. For the first time, under “Majamal al-Tawarikh,” by “Kohmera” mentions “Karim Khan” with the title of “Vakil al-Raaya”, the reason for which was his interest in “Khan Zand” and “Khan Zand”'s actions for the prosperity and well-being of the people.Also, the writing of the following and referring to this nickname is late from the time of Karim Khan. What is clear is that many researchers consider the title of Vakil al-Raya for Karim Khan as a proof of the existence of some kind of political relationship between him and the people, which is a distinct feature of the political order of the modern era. But according to the available documents, it can be said that such a perception cannot represent the type of relationship between the people and the ruler during “the Zand dynasty” period; Because it was with the constitutional revolution that Iranians were able to put aside the old political order and implement a new order based on representation in Iran. Based on this, it can be said that in addition to historical documents, the political structure of Iran during” the Zand dynasty” period could not be a place for such a relationship

Relations between Iran and Oman, and its Consequences on the Countries of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, from 1981 to 2015

Nouddin Nemati; Ahmad Kurdiea

Volume 15, Issue 4 , February 2024, , Pages 103-127

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.372294.473691

Abstract

The relations between Oman and Iran have a very long history. This longstanding connection is clearly documented in historical records over the past century, showcasing the diplomatic ... Read More The relations between Oman and Iran have a very long history. This longstanding connection is clearly documented in historical records over the past century, showcasing the diplomatic engagements between the two nations. Numerous factors, contexts, and platforms have shaped the Omani rulers' approach, marking them as individuals of high tolerance towards other states and nations in local, regional, and international politics. Oman's strategic position at the Strait of Hormuz, coupled with its identity as a Muslim country boasting ethnic diversity—including Arab, Iranian, Indian, Chinese, and Pakistani communities—has enriched its cultural, religious, social, and linguistic tapestry. This diversity within the social structure of its rulers has enabled Oman to undertake political actions aimed at fostering political solidarity and an internal bond of tolerance among all ethnic groups, thereby embodying these values.Such practices have positioned Oman as a nation characterized by tolerance, balance in behavior, and stability in local, regional, and international policy adoption. Historical documents and texts reveal that Omani rulers have held a prestigious status in various fields, significantly contributing to de-escalating tensions and preventing conflicts among Muslim countries. By embracing a policy that spans political, social, economic, religious, cultural, linguistic, and security dimensions, Oman has played a pivotal role in peacefully resolving local, regional, and international disputes. Notable examples of Oman's diplomatic interventions include its involvement in the Iran-Iraq war, nuclear negotiations, the Iraq-Kuwait conflict, the signing of numerous oil, gas, and security agreements in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, facilitating hostage releases, and the exchange of cultural, artistic, and media delegations.Moreover, Oman has been instrumental in mediating significant issues such as the conflict between Ansar Allah (the Houthis) and Saudi Arabia, showcasing its commitment to peace and security in the region. This aspect of Omani diplomacy merits attention as a critical historical topic in international relations.The current research aims to examine the role and position of the Omani government in its relations with Iran from the pre-revolutionary period to the present, based on historical documents and evidence. By employing a descriptive, explanatory, and analytical method, this study addresses the underlying factors, grounds, substrates, and motives that have sustained the balanced and relatively stable relationship between Oman and Iran since before the revolution.Preliminary findings suggest that various factors and contexts have historically underpinned the positive and robust relationship between Oman and Iran. Oman's role as a mediator in regional and international conflicts has contributed to outcomes favoring peace, friendship, and security in the Persian Gulf. This research focuses exclusively on the diplomatic interactions between Oman and Iran, emphasizing the significance of their cooperative efforts while other matters remain beyond its scope

The Role of Atrak Border River in the Relations between Iran and Russia (1356 A.H. 1299 A.H./1261 A.H.)

bagherali adelfar

Volume 15, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 77-104

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2023.366786.473660

Abstract

Atrak River is one of the longest border rivers of Iran, whose source is the heights near Qochan in the north of Khorasan and it travels a path from east to west on the common border ... Read More Atrak River is one of the longest border rivers of Iran, whose source is the heights near Qochan in the north of Khorasan and it travels a path from east to west on the common border of Iran and Russia and recently Turkmenistan. This river has an important place in the political history of the region, a part of it in the Chat area, according to the Akhal Treaty in 1299 AH, became the official and common border of Qajar Iran and the Tsarist Russian Empire and after a few decades after the October Revolution in 1917, it was determined as the border between Iran and the Soviet Union and it was decided that at least 50% of the water of this river will enter the regions of that country. In addition to its border importance, Atrak River has always been of interest in terms of irrigation of agricultural lands and various construction facilities and creation of sources of income. Therefore, giving importance to issues related to water and border rivers such as Atrak in studies of contemporary history plays an important role in determining the behavior of water diplomacy and economic decisions. The present research, using descriptive-analytical method and relying on library and documentary sources, aims to answer the question, what effect did the Atrak River have on the hydropolitical relations of Iran and its neighbors in the direction of stability and reduction of water and border tensions? And what effect did it have on the historical developments of the east of the Caspian Sea, in terms of population and economy? The claim of the research is that due to the changes in the Atrak River bed due to natural causes and human intervention, there have always been problems and tensions in determining the borders of Iran with neighboring lands. Also, the Turkmen-inhabited region on both sides of the river has a desert climate, and the Etrak river basin is one of the water sources of this land, Therefore, the arbitrary withdrawal of water by the countries has caused challenges between the two countries, and to solve this problem, agreements were always signed in different periods, the results of which were the relative interactions of the parties in the last century

Actions and challenges of Iran's political elites in taking advantage of American knowledge in the oil industry (from 1322 to 1344)

Fereshte Jahani; Mohammad Amir Ahmadzadeh

Volume 15, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 1-20

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2023.361498.473644

Abstract

One of the most important challenges and debates raised in the works and documents of Iran's post-constitutional elites has been the discussion about American economic developments, ... Read More

The Persian Gulf and the Republishing of Iranian Culture and Traditions Until the End of the Safavid Period in the East

Hamid Asadpour; Farajollah Ahmadi; hossein eskandari

Volume 15, Issue 1 , May 2023, , Pages 1-21

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2023.349102.473596

Abstract

Over time, roads have been identified as the vital economic arteries of nations, as they have been one of the fundamental factors and domains in the development of nations. The majority ... Read More

Russia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution (1847_1906)

Farzaneh ghiasi; amirhossein hatami; bagher ali adelfar; nasrolah poor mohammadi amlashi

Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, , Pages 1-20

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2022.347117.473592

Abstract

Russia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite ... Read More

Investigating the attitude of the Sufis of Iran and India towards estate and land ownership as one of the sources of the monastery's income In the 9-7 AH (Cheshtiyyeh, Kobraviyyeh, Kazeruniyyeh and Sohravardiyyeh)

masoumeh hadi; mohsen rahmati; Jahanbakhsh Savagheb; mojtaba garavand

Volume 14, Issue 4 , March 2023, , Pages 44-62

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2023.350331.473602

Abstract

There were many Sufi orders in a wide area of India and Iran in the 7th-9th centuries. Sufis, who were known as a symbol of asceticism and worldliness, were engaged in austerity and ... Read More

Effect of Japanese Transition on the Public Views of the Late Qajar

seyed benyamin Keshavarz; ahmad Chaichian Amirkhiz

Volume 13, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 187-214

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2021.314006.473338

Abstract

In the nineteenth century, sublime government of protected countries of empire of Iran (SGPCEI), like other Asian states and societies (most of which lost their independence), came ... Read More

“Māchin” and “Khίtā” in the Geographical Conception of Muslims

Mohammad Bagher Vosoughi; mehran rezaei

Volume 12, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 195-217

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2020.308536.473300

Abstract

Persians, as cultural and economic mediators between the east and west, caused cultural exchanges between China and the western world. Up to the 16th century, Chinese culture and civilization ... Read More

The Great Game and the Herat Question (1828 – 1838)

Farajolah Ahmadi; Arwin Ghaemian

Volume 11, Issue 2 , March 2020, , Pages 1-20

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2019.278907.473098

Abstract

The Great Game of Russia and Britain, which began in the early nineteenth century, led to the confrontation of the two powers in Iran until the early twentieth century. The Russian-British ... Read More

Sassanid Seals in China

nematollah alimohammady; moharram bastani

Volume 11, Issue 1 , September 2019, , Pages 153-172

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2019.274932.473077

Abstract

Seals are of the most valuable things that enjoy a long history. According to the archaeological evidences, their antiquity goes back to the 6th century BC. As it comes out of the documents, ... Read More

The Business Activity of the Soviet Companies (Venshtork and Centersayoz) in Northern Regions of Iran between 1921 to 1927 and the Consequences

Sayeed Hassan Shojaee Divkalaee; Mohammadhassan pourghanbar

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2019, , Pages 117-136

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2019.260410.473002

Abstract

After the victory of the leftist revolution in Russia, Iran's northern neighbor, the government took economy under its complete control and nationalized the foreign trade according ... Read More

Approach (1292 -1314 AH) to structuring civil relying The Akhtar Newspaper on the parliament

Dariush Gholami; Morteza Dehqannejad

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2019, , Pages 153-170

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2019.258216.472994

Abstract

The early 19th century was the beginning of fundamental changes in Iran. The Iran-Russia wars made Iranians think of change. The long-standing rule of Nasser-al-Din Shah (1847 - 1896) ... Read More

Biographer as a Historian: Historiography Thought of Azar Bigdeli

Ahmad Elyasi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , March 2018, , Pages 1-16

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2018.216347.472742

Abstract

Historiography and history naration of Zand dynasty as one stage of Iranian historiography should be further studied. ḤĀJJ LOṬF-ʿALĪ BĪG B. ĀQĀ KHAN BĪGDELĪ ŠĀMLŪ ... Read More

Factors and Obstacles Affecting the Participation of European Physicians in Iran during Qajar Period

Hamid Hajianpour; akbar hakimipour

Volume 8, Issue 1 , February 2017, , Pages 15-35

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2017.60647

Abstract

The presence of European physicians in Iran during the Qajar period had political and religious dimensions, in addition to its health aspects. Different segments of Iranian society ... Read More

The Old Name of “Korea” in Geographical and Historical Resources “New Findings in Persian Manuscripts”

Muhammad Bagher Vosouqi

Volume 6, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 135-150

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2015.56630

Abstract

Iran-Korea historical relation has not a long record. Although the scholars of both countries and other orientalists have conducted many studies on this field, there have still remained ... Read More

A Study of Caucasian Passages in Ancient Times: How the Lazica Passage Became Important in Late Antiquity’s Rivalry between Sasanians and Byzantium

Ali Ali babae Dermani

Volume 5, Issue 2 , July 2014, , Pages 113-132

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2014.50979

Abstract

In ancient times, nomad tribes of the north Caucasus, passing through Caucasian natural gates, most importantly among them, Darial and Derbent, plundered wealthy southern regions. During ... Read More

The problem of Iraqi Shiites in Sultan Abd al-Hamid II’s era

Rasoul Arabkhani

Volume 4, Issue 2 , March 2013, , Pages 41-62

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2013.30331

Abstract

The expansion of Shiite activities in Iraq and its development through Sunni nomads is one of the main issues involved Ottoman governors in the second half of the nineteenth century, ... Read More

Spatial Framework of Shiraz: Congruity and Incongruity of the Nomadic and Sedentary TribesFrom Zand up to the End of Qajar Dynasty

Mohammad Baqer Vosuqi; Ali Sattari

Volume 3, Issue 2 , December 2011, , Pages 113-128

Abstract

The Fars tribes living during the Zand and Qajar dynasties served as some politically and socially influential groups of their period. When the revenues of a tribe did not suffice their ... Read More

Volume 15 (2023)

Volume 14 (2022)

Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 10 (2018)

Volume 8 (2017)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2015)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2013)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 1 (2009)

Keywords = Iran

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