Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• bagherali adelfar ¹
• mobina hasanjani ²

¹ Member of the academic staff of Imam Khomeini International University

² Master's student in Iranology (History), Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.

Abstract

Since the Treaty of Paris, which led to the separation of the Herat province from Iran and its annexation to Afghanistan, the downstream section of this river has been recognized as the water border between the two countries. This event coincided with the imperial ambitions of Tsarist Russia, aimed at extending its influence in the Central Asian and Khorasan regions. The Akhal Treaty between Iran and Russia established the continuation of the river's path from the Serkhs border point, incorporating the Kashf River and designating it as the water boundary between Iran and Russia. Consequently, the geopolitical and hydro political significance of this river was heightened at both national and international levels. After the collapse of the Tsarist regime in October 1917 and the establishment of the Soviet government, issues regarding the water borders of the two countries continued to be centered around the Turkmen region on either side of the river. main issues of this research involve examining the implications of changing the status of the Harirud River as a water border among three countries and the border challenges between Iran and Russia under the new conditions. also addresses both parties' negligence in accurately implementing specialized protocols and agreements related to water and border rivers, as well as the impact of these issues on the agricultural lives of the residents along the banks of the Harirud River. Additionally, it investigates the actions of local officials from both sides and measures regarding water governance in the rivers and water economy,

Keywords

• Harirud
• Paris Agreement
• Iran
• Russia
• Turkmenistan
• water challenges

Main Subjects

• History