Historical Sciences Studies

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

News

Cooperation with the association and institute

How to write references and sources

Writers Guide

English work sample

Publication cost

The original form of the work

Conflict of interest form

Sample Persian work

Guide to get Orchid ID

Publons Membership and Review Guide

Reviewers

Evolution of Sufism Jobs from Constitutional Revolution to End of Pahlavi Period

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of History, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of History, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

10.22059/jhss.2023.354351.473639

Abstract

One of the main teachings of Sufism is disregard for the world and the material sphere. This doctrine did not cause Sufis to give up their careers and financial resources because the basis of spiritual progress depends on meeting livelihood needs. In the centuries before Constitutional Revolution, the vocations were mainly traditional. However, these ways of providing financial resources were not solely dependent on jobs. Rulers and Fotowat associations provided financial resources for Sufis. With the beginning of Constitution and promotion of the foundations of modernism, the trend of professions and jobs changed to a great extent towards new occupations. Except for these two categories (traditional and modern), a separate account can be considered for political careers, and depending on the attitude and vision of government and the opponents of Sufism, it can be considered as one of the factors influencing this type of employment. The purpose of this research is to explain how Sufism's career process is related to the change of political and social conditions in Iran from Constitutional Revolution onward. It is assumed that the course of changes in careers of Sufis is based on the policy of tolerance and open-mindedness in the worldview of Sufism in an effort to maintain spiritual power, in which, while maintaining the traditional jobs of previous centuries such as agriculture, etc., new occupations (administrative, cultural- scientific and political) have been welcomed. This issue has influenced the thinking and intellectual foundations as well as social life of Sufis and has become aligned with other classes and social groups along with socialization process of Sufi sects. This research will investigate this hypothesis using documents, sources and historical data of the contemporary period with a descriptive-analytical method

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
Alam, A. 1998. ‎Yad'dasht'ha -yi Asaddollah Alam, Alinnaqi Alikhani. Tehran:mazyar & moein.[in Persian].
Alhami, D. 2004. Sects of Zahabiyeh, Ovisiyeh and Khaksariyeh, Tehran: Taban.[In Persian].
Amnkhani, I. 2019. Genealogy of Ideological Literary Criticism: An Investigation on Ideological Literary Criticism in Contemporary Iran. Tehran:khamoosh.[In Persian].
Aqeli, B. 1995, A Chronology of Iranian History from Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic Revolution, Tehran: Goftar, vol. 1. [In Persian].
Aref Ghazvini, A. 2010, Divan Aref Ghazvini, Tehran: Sokhan. [ In Persian].
Azmayesh, Mostafa (2002), An Introduction to the Historical Developments of Nematollahiyeh Dynasty in Recent Periods, Tehran:Haqiqat,[ In Persian].
 Bastani Parizi, M.E.1978. Epic of the desert. Tehran: Amir Kabir.[In Persian].
__________2012. Khanghah Court in Haft Kaseh Desert, Tehran: Alam. Ch2.[In Persian].
Balaqi, S.A.H. 1949. Ancestry of the families of the people of Na'in, Unplace: Sepehr Printing House. [In Persian].
Dehkhoda, A.A,1998. Dehkhoda Dictionary. under the supervision of Mohammad Moein and Seyed Jafar Shahidi, Tehran: University of Tehran.vol9 [In Persian].
Divan Beigi Shirazi, S. A (1986), Hadiqah-al-Shoara, edited by Abdolhossein Navaee, vol. 2, Tehran: Zarrin.[ In Persian].
Fada'i Mehrabani, M.2009. The Emergence of Mystical Political Thought in Iran from Aziz Nasafi to Sadreddin Shirazi, Tehran: Ney. [In Persian].
Hedayat, R. K.1960. History of Rawda al-Safaye Naseri, vol. 9, Qom: Hekmat.[In Persian].
 Kamām (Library, museum and Document Center Islamic Consultative Assembly, 3851-1011.
 _______, 101-16-4-1-191-21.
Kamyar, A.R. 2019. “Islamic Rites in Mashhad Offices (1305 – 1367)”, Master's Degree Thesis in Shiite History, University Ferdowsi of mashhad .[ In Persian].
Kasravi, A.1944. Sufism. Unplace.[ In Persian].
Keshavarz, M. 2019. “The position of the family of the Shirazi Nayeb Sadr in the cultural and political developments of the Qajar period”. Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.[ In Persian].
Khajenoori, E.1978. player of the Golden Age (Bazigaran Asre talaie), Unplace: 1978.[ In Persian].
Madani, M (1997), What is going on in Khaniqah Bedokht?,with the introduction of Ahmad Abedi, Qom, author .[ In Persian].
Massignon, L.1979. The Passion of al-Hallaj (qows zendegi hallaj). translated by Abdul Ghafur Ravan Farhadi:Tehran.ketabkhane-y-manoochehri. [ In Persian].
Memoirs of saiyid muhammad fatimi qumi, Hassan Zandiyeh, Tehran: Library, museum and Document Center Islamic Consultative Assembly .[ In Persian].
Men of the Pahlavi Era )Reǰal-e asr-e Pahlavī( .The Center of Historical Documents Survey, 2000; dr manouchehr Iqbal be revāyat-e asnad, Tehran: The Center of Historical Documents Survey.
Mesbah Yazdi, M.T. 2007, In Search of Islamic Sufism, Qom: Publishing Center of Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute.[ In Persian].
Mir Ansari, A.1997. Documents from Iranian Contemporary Literature Celebrities, vol1, Tehran: Iranian National Documents Organization (Document Institute) .[ In Persian].
Modarresi Chahardehi, N.2003. Sofia dynasties of Iran, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications Company.[ In Persian].
Motma, ق 26527, 1959.
________, ق 132225-1.
Naib Sadr Shirazi's. 1983.Tohfe al-Haramin, Naib Sadr Shirazi's travelogue on the pilgrimage of Mecca and the visit of Iran and India, Tehran: Babak .[ In Persian].
Najmi, N.1994. political actors of Reza Shahi and Mohammad Reza Shahi, Tehran: Einstein.[In Persian].
Nasr, S.H. 2013, Golshan Haqiqat, translated by Inshallah Rahmati, 2nd Ch., Tehran: Sophia.[In Persian].
Navaye Khorasan newspaper.1971. Saturday.14. August .No, 995.  
Nematullahi, Abdolsaleh. 1961. Cutting Blade, Tehran, Payam Printing Factory .[In Persian].
Noorbakhsh, J. (1994), Golestani Javid, Tehran: Author. [In Persian].
Nouraei Beidokht, H. 2018, Under the Sky of Beidokht; Bidokht in Time, Tehran: Hassan Nouraei Bidokht.vol2.[ In Persian].
Parvizi, Sh. (1953), Tazkera al-Arefin, Tabriz: Shamseddin Parvizi. .[ In Persian].
__________.1957. Majma al-Anwar or Kashkol of the Dhahabīyeh Dynasty: Shamseddin Parvizi.[In Persian].
Pazuki, Sh.(2014), Mysticism and Art in the Modern Period, Tehran: elm.[In Persian].
Rahimi Shashdeh, M (2013), From Majzoob Ali Shah Kaboodar Ahangi to Majzoob Ali Shah Gonabadi; Biography of Aqtab, Mashaykh Mazzounin of Nematollahi Dynasty, Tehran: Morteza Rahimi .[ In Persian].
Rezakhani, M,1999. The Flight of Love in the Galaxies, Tehran: Mohammad Mousavi Saeedi.[In Persian].
Sadid-ol-Saltanah, M.A. Khan.1983.Sadid-ol-Saltanah travelogue: al-tadqiq fe seyr-altariq. Corrected by Ahmad Eqtedari,Tehran: behnashr .[ In Persian].
Safai, E. 1983. Constitutional leaders. Tehran: javīdān-e aʾlmi, 2vol. [ In Persian].
Ṣafῑʿalῑshāh, Mirza Hasan, (Undata). Bahr- al-Haqāʿiq & mizān al-marefa, introduction by żāʾal-din mowlavī gīlanī, ketabḵane-ye sanāʾi .[ In Persian]
 Sākmā, (Sāzmān-e Asnād va Ketābḵān-e Mellī-ye Iran (National Archives and Library of Iran), Document No 297-27910-2,3.
______, 999-35308-6.
Samii, K. & M. Sadoqi. 1991, A History of the Later Splits of Nematollahiyeh Dynasty (in: Two Treatises on the New History of Sufism in Iran), Tehran: Pajang.[ In Persian].
Shahedi, M. 2010, The Decline of Constitutionality; Political Biography of Dr. Manouchehr Eqbal, Tehran: Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies .[ In Persian].
 Shamsedin, S. 2020. “Shirazi, Mirza Agha Haj Mohammad-Masoom; Known as Masoom-Ali-Shah and Naieb al-Sadr Shirazi (1854-1926). University of Tehran. Vol. II. No3. .[ In Persian].
Shirazi, M. M (1966), Tarayeq al-Haqayq, Correction of Mohammad Jafar Mahjoub, vol. 3, Tehran: Barani Library .[ In Persian].
Shirvani, M.  2009. Bostan Al-Sayaheh, Correction of Manijeh Mahmoodi, Tehran: Haqiqat.[ In Persian].
Sultan Alishah, Sultan Muhammad Ibn Haidar (2000), majma of Saadaat, Tehran: Haqiqat.[ In Persian].
Tābande, A.1998. Khvorshīd-e Tābande. Tehran: Ḥaqīqat[ In Persian].
Ḥaqīqat, A .1996. History of Iranian mysticism and mystics (from Bayezid Bastami to Noor Ali Shah Gonabadi).Tehran: Koomesh.[ In Persian].
Tabandeh Gonabadi, S.H 2005. Genius of Science and Mysticism in the 14th Century; A biography of the late Haj Molla Sultan Mohammad Gonabadi "Sultan Alishah", Unplace, Taban Publication.[ In Persian].
_________________, S.H (2009), Memories of the Hajj Journey, Tehran: Haqiqat. [ In Persian].
Van den Bos, Matthijs. Mystic Regimes: Sufism and State in Iran, from the late Qajar Era to the Islamic Republic (Leiden: Brill, 2002).
Wormser, Paul. 2014. The spread of Islam in Asia through trade and Sufism (ninth–nineteenth centuries). In Routledge Handbook of Religions in Asia (pp 109-122).‏
Yadnameh Saleh.1988. Tehran: Editorial Board of Amir Soleimani Library.[in Persian].
Historical Sciences Studies
Volume 15, Issue 2 - Serial Number 33
September 2023
Pages 63-84
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics