Historical Sciences Studies

Abstract Due to geographical, climatic, and natural conditions, the Persian Gulf trade has been lively in all historical periods. But the lack of complete and reliable statistics before Naser al-Din Shah Qajar’s period (1831-1896) makes it difficult to speculate about the position of the Persian Gulf ports in southern-Iran trade. The data of the British-Indian Government administrative offices registered during Naser al-Din Shah Qajar’s period provides an opportunity to study the details of the Persian Gulf trade ports. Surely such statistics can help us examine the factors affecting the trade of Southern-Iran. The factors mentioned in Persian sources are natural events. Considering that Persian sources have a brief discussion of natural events, we can only understand the magnitude and extent of the effects of natural events through the political reports and the reports of secret reporters in the south. The information of administrative offices makes it possible to explore the impact of natural events on the Southern-Iran trade. Accordingly, the present study tries to investigate the effects of natural factors on the trading of Iranian ports in the Persian Gulf on the basis of these statistic reports. It tries to provide a qualitative analysis of the effects of natural events on imports and exports of southern Iran. It shows that natural events, especially wheat prices, had a significant impact on the trade of southern Iran.

Abstract Mahdism has been one of the important and fundamental issues in the Islamic period of Iran. This issue has suffered much from problems such as false Mahdis and this has caused problems for the Islamic community. These problems have continued to concern the community to the present. Seyed Mohammad Kelardashti was one of these Mahdis. He made his claim public in Kelardasht in 1892 and assembled a group of people. The most important questions addressed in this study are what the background of his claim was, what the current government did to confront him, and what consequences he faced. It seems that the background of his claim was the gap between the people of Khajeh Vand tribe with each other, with Kelardasht inhabitants, and even with the government. Although this rebellion was suppressed and he was arrested and imprisoned, he was released from prison after a while and was assigned a pension. The present study attempts to investigate this issue based on the documents of the National Library and Archives of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Abstract The present research seeks to provide a description of the rise and fall of the Acre’s trade between 1191 AD and 1291 AD. Throughout its tumultuous history, this city became a valuable base for the trade of the eastern Mediterranean civilizations. By the Muslim conquest, Acre was considered as the naval base under the Umayyads and Abbásids. With the rise of the Tulunids, the path to Acre’s progress was levelled, so that during the Fatimid period, Acre was able to regain its commercial role. During the Crusades, Acre appeared successful, and even turned the Tyre down, replaced it with four commercial networks. In this descriptive-analytical study, we seek to examine the commercial position of the port of Acre during the Crusades and to seek historical evidences of its flourishing and declining causes. The results show that the port of Acre was able to gain a significant foothold on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean at the beginning of this century, but with the Mongol invasion of the Levant and the change of trade routes, the Acre port declined.

Abstract At the beginning of the twentieth century, Iraq was part of the Ottoman Empire and consisted of the three states of Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul. The most important event in that period was the emergence of the Arab nationalist movement, a comprehensive movement and a harbinger of Arab unity. In Iraq, the Arab National Movement was formed as a result of several factors. The present research adopts a descriptive-analytical method in order to answer these questions: What factors influenced the formation of the Arab National Movement in Iraq? What developments take place? And in the end, what was the result? The article shows that in the second half of the nineteenth century, the Iraqi elite was formed under the influence of modern education in Ottoman schools. That group became the nucleus of Arab nationalists during the Young Turks’ rule. The policies of imposing the Turkish identity on the Arabs played a prominent role in arousing the sense of national identity and the unity of the Iraqi elite with the Arab National Movement. In response to the policies of the rulers of Istanbul, they formed nationalist groups and activities in Iraq’s cities in order to spread Arab nationalism. Their activities led to the preservation of the unity of the empire, but as the First World War progressed, the Iraqis also moved towards full independence from the Ottoman rule, which resulted in the participation of Iraqi officers in the 1916 Arab Revolt. At the end of the war, the most important result of the Arab National Movement in Iraq was the Sunni Arabs’ gaining power.

Abstract After the assassination of Ali ibn Abi Talib by Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam al-Moradi, the murderer was arrested. According to famous historical sources and Hadith, Imam Ali gave orders as to how Inb Muljam should be treated. Famous historians have reported hard and violent dealings of Imam Ali’s family with the killer. On the one hand these reports come from authentic and first-hand sources of Islamic history and on the other, they are in contrast with Islam’s and Imam Ali’s recommendations regarding the proper conduct toward ibn Muljam. The question is what happened to ibn Muljam and how the accounts of the historians should be analyzed. Thus, the purpose of this research is to discover a historical truth. It seems that the distortion of historical accounts and concealing some facts have led to the ambiguity and confusion of the accounts on the fate of ibn Muljam.

Abstract “Akhbarions”of the 1st and 2nd centuries AH have had lasting effects on the Islamic historiography and the understanding of the Muslims of later centuries. Amer al-Shaabi (28-105 AH) is one of Akhbarions. He, who was famous in the fields of Fiqh and Hadith, and history, has received much attention from Islamic historians. There are contradictory narratives by him about the events and the influential Muslims of the Islamic world. The main purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the contradictions in the narratives of al-Shaabi. The findings reveal that Abu Omar’s narrative changed as a result of the socio-political changes of Kufa and the interests of the nobility of Hamdān tribe and his own. These changes fall under three categories. The period of 28-66 AH was influenced by his childhood environment so that we can detect traces of Shiism in his narratives. The second episodeof his life began with his separation from Mokhtar’s uprising (66 AH) and continued until Ibn al-Ashath’s uprising (81 AH). At this stage, he distanced himself from Shiism under the influence of his status in Fiqh and as a reaction to the growth of the Ghulat. Thus, his narratives became anti-Shiite, although he was still a supporter of Ali in this period. The defeat of ibn al-Ashash (84 AH) marked the third episode of his life in which he became devoted to the Umayyad dynasty to the extent that he quoted a story in favor of the Umayyad Caliphate and against Imam Ali.