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Vakil al-daula (the Deputy of Kingship) or Vakil al-ra aya (Representative of the People): A Research on the Title of Karim Khan Zand

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate of Iranian history after Islam Tarbiat Modares, ,Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of History, Tarbiat Modares University,Tehran, Iran.

10.22059/jhss.2024.368072.473670

Abstract

“Karim Khan Zand” is one of the most prominent people who was able to establish his rule over important parts of Iran after the death of “Nader Shah Afshar”. Many stories have been told about his behavior and character in different sources, one of the most important of these quotes is about “Karim Khan Zand”'s title, which means "  Vakil al-ra aya ". Later, many researchers have given many reasons in response to the attribution of this title to “Karim Khan Zand”, which are not consistent with historical documents and sources, and in addition, with the political and social context of Iran's pre-constitutional society. Therefore, the main question of this research is, when was the title " Vakil al-ra aya " used for “Karim Khan” and what are the factors affecting its use? This research answers these questions with a historical method and a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on the content analysis of the documents and the critical study of the historical sources of" the Zand dynasty"  and "Qajar" periods. The results of this research show that the contemporary sources of "Karim Khan Zand" did not mention this title during his lifetime, on the other hand, "Karim Khan Zand" also considered himself as " Vakil al-daula " of ” Ismail III" after the defeat of the claimants. For the first time, under “Majamal al-Tawarikh,”  by “Kohmera” mentions “Karim Khan” with the title of “ Vakil al-ra aya ”, the reason for which was his interest in “Khan Zand” and 's actions for the prosperity and well-being of the people.Also, the writing of the following and referring to this nickname is late from the time of Karim Khan. What is clear is that many researchers consider the title of  Vakil al-ra aya for Karim Khan as a proof of the existence of some kind of political relationship between him and the people, which is a distinct feature of the political order of the modern era. But according to the available documents, it can be said that such a perception cannot represent the type of relationship between the people and the ruler during “the Zand dynasty” period; Because it was with the constitutional revolution that Iranians were able to put aside the old political order and implement a new order based on representation in Iran. Based on this, it can be said that in addition to historical documents, the political structure of Iran during” the Zand dynasty” period could not be a place for such a relationship

Keywords

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Historical Sciences Studies
Volume 16, Issue 1 - Serial Number 37
August 2024
Pages 127-154
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