Historical Sciences Studies

Research Paper

Nasir Khan Lari Family and the Rise of the Qajar Dynasty

Rasul Ahmadlu; Mohammad Hassan Razanhan; Seyyed Abulfazl Razavi

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 1-24

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.378116.473727

Abstract

Following the assassination of Nader Shah Afshar in 1160 AH and the subsequent wars of his successors, which led to the political instability in the southern regions of Fars province, ... Read More Following the assassination of Nader Shah Afshar in 1160 AH and the subsequent wars of his successors, which led to the political instability in the southern regions of Fars province, Mohammad Nasir Khan Lari managed to establish control over the trade routes from the ports of Langah, Kang, and Abbasieh towards Shiraz by utilizing the political power vacuum and local forces. He made the city of Lar his main headquarters and played a significant role in the political affairs of southern Fars. The conflicts between the Zand dynasty and the Qajars between 1168 and 1210 AH created an opportune situation for Nasir Khan and his sons to exert a considerable influence on the balance of power along the trade routes towards Shiraz by leveraging their military capabilities.The closeness of the Zandiya rulers and the Nasirkhani dynasty and the efforts of the Zandians to gain control over the back-bank areas and Larestan and the efforts of the Nasirkhani family to maintain their territory and dominate Shiraz, caused Khanin Lari in the conflicts between the Zandians and the Qajars, and the tendency and favor of the Qajars. This article, using a descriptive-analytical approach and unpublished documents of the Nasir Khan family and newly discovered manuscripts, aims to shed light on some aspects of the relationship between the Nasir Khan family and the Zand kings, while evaluating their role in the downfall of the Zand dynasty and the rise of the Qajar dynasty as a historical issue. The findings of this research illuminate unknown aspects of power relations in Fars province during the Zand and early Qajar periods, providing new evidence on the background of the Zand dynasty's fall in Fars province and the influential role of the Nasir Khan family in these events. This study reevaluates the historical developments in Fars province during this period from the perspective of family documents of the Nasir Khan family and previously unpublished correspondences

Research Paper

Analysis Study of the Affectability of Manichaean Symbolic and Decorative Motifs in the Arts of the Sassanid Period

Elaheh Panjehbashi; Zeinab Mohammadjani divkolaei

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 25-52

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.377032.473715

Abstract

Manifestism is one of the important movements of the Sassanid period and Manifest painting forms a part of Iranian art history. Knowledge of Manichaean religion and art reveals a part ... Read More Manifestism is one of the important movements of the Sassanid period and Manifest painting forms a part of Iranian art history. Knowledge of Manichaean religion and art reveals a part of ancient Iranian culture and rituals. The religious beliefs of the Manichaeans have been manifested in the form of symbols and codes in their paintings. Symbolic motifs in Manichae paintings include human motifs, animal motifs, plant motifs, geometric motifs, and mixed motifs. This study is aimed to identify common symbolic and decorative motifs between Manichaean and Sasanian works. The research question is raised as follows: Which of the symbolic and decorative motifs in Manichaean paintings are similar to Sasanian works in implementation and theme? This study raises new issues and claims in the rooting of Manichaean painting art and tries to prove the hypothesis that Manichaean art was significantly affected by the art of the Sassanid period. In previous studies, researchers have pointed out some common motifs between Manichaean and Sasanian art. However, in this study, more samples have been studied to identify and solve some ambiguities and complexities that existed in Manichaean art from Turfan Oasis. This study has been done using a library-documentary study and descriptive-analytical method and with a comparative approach between Manichaean and Sasanian art. By studying Manichaean paintings and Sassanid works, it can be said that there are motifs such as pearls, lotus flowers, ducks, grapes, and pomegranates, and some decorative motifs such as Khatai motifs and wavy bands in Manichaean paintings, which are found in the artworks of the Sassanid period. The studied samples in Manichaean paintings have many similarities with Sasanian works in terms of appearance. In terms of meaning and concept, there is not much similarity between them in terms of partial theme. However, in terms of the overall theme, they have something in common in terms of linking Manichaean and Sasanian motifs with myths

Research Paper

Political and Economic Relations Between Iran and Kingdom of Sweden During the Safavid Era (907-1148AH/1501-1736AD)

Jamal Pirehmard Shotorban; Goodarz Rashtiani

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 53-84

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.378109.473721

Abstract

Iran is a land with a rich history in foreign relations. Due to the antiquity of the “Government” institution in Iran and its reliability over the centuries, a rich legacy ... Read More Iran is a land with a rich history in foreign relations. Due to the antiquity of the “Government” institution in Iran and its reliability over the centuries, a rich legacy has emerged in the field of foreign relations of this country with other realms. Despite this, since the rise of the Safavids (early 10th AH/16th AD), Iran's foreign relations also changed and entered a new arena. In the field of research on Iran's foreign relations during the Safavid era, most of the works have focused on Iran's relations with the great neighboring realms or European states (such as the Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, Portugal, England, and Netherlands/Dutch), and this issue has caused the lack of attention to Iran's relations with other lands. One of these lesser-known fields is the foreign relations of Safavid Iran with Sweden. Despite the limited perception of the Swedes by Iranians in the pre-Safavid period, Iran's official relations with Sweden were established and flourished during the reign of Safavid Šāh Sulaymān (r. 1077-1105AH/1666-1694AD) and Šāh Sulṭān Ḥusayn (r. 1105-1135AH/1694-1722AD). Now the question is, what reasons and motivations made Iranians and Swedes willing to establish relations in the late 11thAH/17thAD century? Also, despite some initial successes, why did these relationships remain fruitless? In this article, an attempt has been made to answer the above questions by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach and using the qualitative research method. It seems that a set of bilateral economic and political motivations made Iran and Sweden, and especially the Swedes, inclined to establish relations. However, obstacles such as distance, dissatisfaction of rival states and internal and external challenges of the two realms (especially the involvement of Swedes in the “Great Northern War” and the challenge of Safavid court with the Ġilzāyid uprising) caused the mentioned relations to not reach a clear result

Research Paper

Nationalism as Reflected in Persian Playwriting in Late Qajar and Early Pahlavid Period (1906-1941)

Kimiya Cheraghazadeh; Tooran Toolabi

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 83-103

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.372706.473695

Abstract

As a new form of writing, playwriting found a significant popularity in contemporary Iran to express modern political and social concepts. In fact, play had the potential to address ... Read More

Research Paper

An Analysis of the Relationship between Safavid Sheikhs and Al-Chopan (700-758 AD)

Masoumeh Heidarimehr; Kazem Meighani; Morteza Tahami

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 105-125

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.374644.473700

Abstract

The power and sovereignty of al-Chopan was comparable to the age of the mentor of Sheikh Safi al-Din Ishaq Ardabili and his son Sheikh Sadreddin Musa, good relations were established ... Read More

Research Paper

Vakil al-daula (the Deputy of Kingship) or Vakil al-ra aya (Representative of the People): A Research on the Title of Karim Khan Zand

Farhad Zeinivand Nejad; seyed hashem aghajari

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 127-154

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.368072.473670

Abstract

“Karim Khan Zand” is one of the most prominent people who was able to establish his rule over important parts of Iran after the death of “Nader Shah Afshar”. ... Read More “Karim Khan Zand” is one of the most prominent people who was able to establish his rule over important parts of Iran after the death of “Nader Shah Afshar”. Many stories have been told about his behavior and character in different sources, one of the most important of these quotes is about “Karim Khan Zand”'s title, which means " Vakil al-ra aya ". Later, many researchers have given many reasons in response to the attribution of this title to “Karim Khan Zand”, which are not consistent with historical documents and sources, and in addition, with the political and social context of Iran's pre-constitutional society. Therefore, the main question of this research is, when was the title " Vakil al-ra aya " used for “Karim Khan” and what are the factors affecting its use? This research answers these questions with a historical method and a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on the content analysis of the documents and the critical study of the historical sources of" the Zand dynasty" and "Qajar" periods. The results of this research show that the contemporary sources of "Karim Khan Zand" did not mention this title during his lifetime, on the other hand, "Karim Khan Zand" also considered himself as " Vakil al-daula " of ” Ismail III" after the defeat of the claimants. For the first time, under “Majamal al-Tawarikh,” by “Kohmera” mentions “Karim Khan” with the title of “ Vakil al-ra aya ”, the reason for which was his interest in “Khan Zand” and 's actions for the prosperity and well-being of the people.Also, the writing of the following and referring to this nickname is late from the time of Karim Khan. What is clear is that many researchers consider the title of Vakil al-ra aya for Karim Khan as a proof of the existence of some kind of political relationship between him and the people, which is a distinct feature of the political order of the modern era. But according to the available documents, it can be said that such a perception cannot represent the type of relationship between the people and the ruler during “the Zand dynasty” period; Because it was with the constitutional revolution that Iranians were able to put aside the old political order and implement a new order based on representation in Iran. Based on this, it can be said that in addition to historical documents, the political structure of Iran during” the Zand dynasty” period could not be a place for such a relationship

Research Paper

The Burial and Mourning Rituals of the Sogdians on the Basis of Chinese Historiographies

Yuanqi Zhao; Kolsoum Ghazanfari

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 155-180

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.377672.473717

Abstract

Sogd was a region located between Iran and China. Over time, the Sogdians established settlements as a result of trade and commerce along the so-called Silk Roads. They entered China ... Read More

Research Paper

Activities of the Russian Transport Insurance Company and its Role in Advancing Russia's Economic-Political Goals in Iran

Farzaneh Ghiasi; Bagherali Adelfar; Amirhossein Hatami

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 181-204

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.375058.473701

Abstract

The relations between Iran and the Russian government during the Qajar period were always affected by Russia's economic-political colonial goals in Iran. It was in pursuit of these ... Read More

Research Paper

Cultural Relations between Iran and Turkey During the Period of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941-1979) with an Emphasis on Associations and Cultural Institutions

Murat Ćelep; Hamid Karamipour

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 205-222

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.371594.473686

Abstract

Iran and Ottoman Empire passed through a similar historical process while trying in the path toward achieving of modernity after various competitions and involvements with each other ... Read More Iran and Ottoman Empire passed through a similar historical process while trying in the path toward achieving of modernity after various competitions and involvements with each other in post-modern era at the second half of 19th century and first quarter of 20th century. After taking power by Ataturk in Turkey and Pahlavi First in Iran, these ties were placed in a new trend between two countries. Entry of these two countries into interest group of modernity and their overt attempts to approach to the Western Bloc prepared the ground for common sociopolitical interests among them. The first steps taken by Iran and Turkey in developing relations with each other were mainly tended to some cultural measures e.g. exchange of students and teachers and also texts with literary and historical values. During World War II, this trend did not continue and both countries concentrated their attention on political and security issues. After the end of the War and formation of Bipolar World, especially with respect to the climate of Cold War, two countries, which were now assumed as US allies, tended to establish cordial relations. Based on these considerations, they developed relations with each other within framework of some accords e.g. Baghdad Treaty, Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) and Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Organization and they put development of cultural relations on their agenda. A cultural treaty was signed among both sides in 1959 (1337h.s) which specified the framework of cultural relations among both countries. Several associations and institutions were established and innovated by some of statesmen, intellectuals and leading merchants to improve and advance cultural relations between two countries at this period such as Iran-Turkey Friendship Association, Association of Friendship and Cultural Relations among Iran and Turkey, Turk-Iranian Females Friendship and Culture Society, Association of Adherents of Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD). The present paper aims to analyze cultural relations among Iran and Turkey during era of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Shah) by focusing on cultural associations and institutions and it has been written using descriptive-analytical method and based on documented and librarian sources. Persian and Turkish documents as well as conducted studies have been widely and simultaneously utilized in both languages in this paper for the first time

Research Paper

A reflection on the evolution of the position of vizarg Framadar in the Sassanid era

Abolfazl Mohamadkarimi; Javad Heravi; Mirza Mohammad Hassani

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 223-251

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.378850.473726

Abstract

Among the distinguished positions of the Sassanid Empire was the Grand Vizier, which is mentioned in the sources with the titles of Vezrag Farmadhar, Hazarbad and Darandarzbz. Vizarg ... Read More

Research Paper

Four Eras of Sinology in Islamic Iran history; from the Advent of Islam up to the Islamic Revolution of 1979

Seyyed Ali Mazinani

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 253-282

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.376209.473707

Abstract

Among various civilizational categorizations ever suggested, the Eastern-Western category is one the most accepted stereotypes. In the Eastern side of human civilization, without any ... Read More Among various civilizational categorizations ever suggested, the Eastern-Western category is one the most accepted stereotypes. In the Eastern side of human civilization, without any doubt Iran and China, enjoying unique historical continuity, were indispensable pivots whose relations possessed meaningful connotations to the human civilization universally. Multiple authors have long investigated into the developments of Irano-Chinese relations yet the very matter of knowledge on China among the Iranians has not been individually studied so far. Thus, concentrating on the issue of the Iranian’s knowledge on China, this paper aims to trace out the stream of this knowledge down to the present day. To achieve to the mentioned end this study has employed “Historism” as its methodological approach for tracing, periodization and conceptualizing the developmental course of the Iranian’s knowledge on China. Our findings illustrate that the developmental course can be sequenced as follows: the era of Mythic-Epic Knowledge (the 7th to 14th centuries) where prominent classic authors like Tabari, Bal’ami or Dinwari display China as a far and powerful land in which all stuffs exist in its utopian perfection. The era of Interactive-Communicative Knowledge (the 14th to 16th centuries) where The Ilkhanid acknowledged the Chinese Ming dynasty as their elder brother. Books of Khawja Rashid al-Din Fazlallah, Bonakati, and Zakaria Qazvini contain firsthand information conveyed by the Chinese officials who visited Iran. The era of Reading Knowledge (the 19th to the first half of 20th century) where all authors owed to the western books and press all what they knew about China. Finally, the era of Academic Knowledge (the second half of 20th century) where following the establishment of modern state in the two countries and the inception of diplomatic dealings between them, the knowledge on China in Iran entered into the academic atmospheres and proceeded by figures like Abbas Iqbal, Ali Mazaheri and Abbas Tashakkori

Research Paper

The Introduce of he Manuscript of "Majmū'e-ye Munsha'āt-e Men Natāyeje Afkār-e Afādhel-e Nāmdār" and Reread the Decrees Concerning the Maintenance of Sheikh Mohammad Abi Najm's Mausoleum

MohammadBagher Vosoughi; Mohammad Aboonajmi

Volume 16, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 283-306

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.378042.473720

Abstract

The manuscript of "Majmū'e-ye Munsha'āt-e Men Natāyeje Afkār-e Afādhel-e Nāmdār" is a collection of letters and decrees of the 8th and 9th centuries of 15th A.H/16th A.D, which ... Read More

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Volume & Issue: Volume 16, Issue 1 - Serial Number 37, August 2024, Pages 1-170

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