Historical Sciences Studies

Spragens's theory of crisis is presented to understand political ideas in the form of dividing the text of thought into propositions focused on the crisis, the causes of ... Read More

Research Paper

The Portrayal of the Medes and the Rise of Government in Pars in Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Sources

Hossein Badamchi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 27-50

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.389019.473775

Abstract

tThe reconstruction of Median history in modern scholarship primarily relies on two main sources: the Greek narrative, particularly Herodotus' Histories, and the Neo-Assyrian ... Read More tThe reconstruction of Median history in modern scholarship primarily relies on two main sources: the Greek narrative, particularly Herodotus' Histories, and the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian sources written in cuneiform. Scholars like Diakonoff (1956) regarded Herodotus as providing "the only genuine coherent history of Media." Despite his extensive use of cuneiform records related to Media, Diakonoff still validated the key events of Median history primarily through Herodotus. This reliance on Greek sources, while valuable, has shaped modern interpretations of the Median kingdom, often overshadowing the wealth of information found in contemporary cuneiform texts. This essay critically re-examines four fundamental aspects of the Median kingdom as described by Herodotus, revisiting these themes in light of cuneiform evidence. The aspects explored include: the establishment of an empire by the Medes, the existence of a unified Median royal dynasty, the number of kings who ruled Media and their familial relationships, and whether or not the kingdom of Cyrus the Great was a vassal of Media before its rise. Additionally, the essay delves into the political and military developments of the late seventh century BCE, when a new force emerged in the Ancient Near East, leading to the eventual downfall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. It argues that cuneiform sources should be prioritized over Greek accounts due to their closer proximity to the events they describe, thus offering a more direct view of Median history. The analysis also considers the biases inherent in both the Greek and cuneiform narratives, acknowledging how political and religious motives may have influenced their portrayals of events. Ultimately, the essay calls for a more nuanced understanding of the Medes, suggesting that a combination of both Greek and cuneiform sources, when critically analyzed, can offer a more comprehensive, balanced reconstruction of Median history, culture, politics, and lasting legacy.

Research Paper

The Castle of Espe-rūz or Espe-rez: A New Suggested Site for Espe-rūz Castle, the Residence of King Iskandar Badospani (1333-1360), in the Village of Zanous in the West of Mazandaran

Hamidreza Pashazanous

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 51-78

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.376992.473714

Abstract

tranDuring the Arab invasion of Iran, Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651) reportedly granted the Dabuyid ruler Gil Gavbara control over Tabaristan. Gil Gavbara's ... Read More tranDuring the Arab invasion of Iran, Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651) reportedly granted the Dabuyid ruler Gil Gavbara control over Tabaristan. Gil Gavbara's son, Baduspan I, was given control over Ruyan in 665, thereby establishing the Baduspanid dynasty, which governed the region until the 1590s. Following the demise of Kayumarth I in 1453, a dynastic conflict ensued, leading to the division of the Baduspanid kingdom between Kayumarth’s sons, Iskandar IV and Ka'us II, in Kojur and Nur respectively. Amidst the strife between these two brothers, the castles of Mazandaran they have gained significant importance, with their control playing a pivotal role in the survival of each contender. Among these fortresses, Espe-rūz or Espe-rez Castle stands out as one of the most prominent, having long intrigued historians. This article seeks to pinpoint the location of this castle by analyzing historical and archaeological findings discovered in Zanous village, situated in Kojour District of Nowshahr County, Mazandaran province, Iran. When the author was examining the documents of the old families of Tabaristan to write an article about Baduspanan, he came across the name of Espe-rez and the existence of the Espe-rez Castle in the mountains around the Zanos forest in Kejur Mazandaran. Further examination of the documents, historical texts and research about this topic revealed two views about the castle and Mount Espe-rez recorded in the local documents of Tabaristan and the castle of Espe-rūz mentioned in the historical texts. Scholars such as Rabino still consider its location unknown, and some like Professor Manouchehr Sotoudeh, without mentioning any documents, consider Espe-rūz Castle to be in the vicinity of Kajour. However, after observing historical and archeological evidence, the author came to the hypothesis that the village and fortress of Espe-rez in the ancient documents and rumors of the natives of the region could be the same as the village and fortress of Espe-rūz in historical texts.

Research Paper

The Reflection of the Political Geography in the Formation and Transformation of Elamite Pantheon

Hamidreza Peighambari

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 79-106

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.379629.473730

Abstract

The Elamite pantheon underwent significant changes in the course of long history of Elam, since the treaty between Akkadian king, Narām-Sin and Hitta, king of Awan dynasty in the late ... Read More

Research Paper

Recognizing the Concept of "Dastak" in Iranian Usage, from the Point of View of Diplomatics

Hassan Zandiyeh; Hossein Sovmaeh

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 107-133

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.387398.473764

Abstract

Dastak is a Persian term that holds several significant meanings in the historical geography of the Persian language, especially in Iran and India. While Persian documents in India, ... Read More

Research Paper

Qurazi Men and Their Activism after the Fifth Year of Hijri

Bashir Seraji; Mahdi Mojtahedi; Asghar Montazerolghaem

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 135-168

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.379951.473732

Abstract

The Qurazis, also known as the Banu Qurayza, were a group within the Jewish community who had been present in Yathrib for several centuries before the Hijra. After the Hijra, they were ... Read More

Research Paper

A Critical Reading of Plato's Account of the Wars between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greeks, in the Dialogue of Manexenus

Esmaeil Sangari; Farzad Rafieifar

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 169-192

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.385806.473755

Abstract

Plato in the Menexenus dialogue describes a conversation between Socrates and a young Athenian citizen, named Menexenus . In this dialogue, Socrates narrates a funeral speech in praise ... Read More

Research Paper

Manners of Sitting and Standing in Royal Gatherings of the Safavid Court

Ali Mashhadi Rafi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 193-218

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.380234.473734

Abstract

The importance of the manners of sitting and standing of the courtiers and royal officials in most of the royal gatherings and the significance of the established patterns for ... Read More

Research Paper

Rock Reliefs of Sar-e Pol-e Zohab

Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 219-263

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.389950.473780

Abstract

The rock reliefs of Sar-e Pol-e Zohab pass have been the focus of numerous scholarly publications over the past two centuries. From the very beginning, the strategic importance ... Read More

Research Paper

Re-identification of Historical and Archaeological of the Communication Routes of the Islamic City of JORJĀN in its Multiple Communication Network in Northeast of Iran

Jamileh Mansouri Jezabadi; Mohammad Esmaeil Esmaeili Jelodar; Mohammad Mortezayi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 265-294

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.379516.473729

Abstract

JORJĀN was an economic, cultural, scientific and political hub in the district of Jorjan during the third, fourth and fifth centuries AH. The prosperity of trade made it one of the ... Read More JORJĀN was an economic, cultural, scientific and political hub in the district of Jorjan during the third, fourth and fifth centuries AH. The prosperity of trade made it one of the richest cities in Iran. Historical Written sources have spoken about the commercial connection of the city of Jorjan with Neyshābūr, Khwarezm, Ray, the cities of Tabarestan especially Tamisa and Amol, and even the cities of the Caspian province on the other side of the Caspian lake. During the first six centuries of the Islamic era, the city of JORJĀN was known as the economic hub of the JORJĀN region. Jorjan had established trade relations and cultural exchanges with important cities such as Neyshabur, Ray, Amol and Khwarezm by land and with the cities of the Khazar region and beyond by sea. Therefore, the main question of the research was considered as what were the transportation routes of the city of Jorjan, during its life, from the first centuries of Islam until the time of the Mongol attack that caused the destruction of this city? According to the identification of the possible location of one of the gates of the city wall by the authors during the research, can we find a meaningful connection between the roads leading to the city and this gate? This research has been done using written historical sources and archaeological evidence and with a library method and a descriptive and analytical approach. The researches led to the identification of the roads connecting the city of Jorjan with Neyshabur, Ray, the cities of Tabarestan, Khwarezm and the port of Abaskun and a large number of inter-road places and staging posts on these routes were also accurately located. According to the location of the possible gate discovered, the result of the research shows that this gate was used to connect the city of Jorjanand the port of Abaskun. Also, there is a weak possibility that this gate was accessed by the Bakrabad-Estarabad road or the roads leading to Khwarezm and Dehistan.

Research Paper

The Endowment of Imam Quli Khan: Characteristics of the Deed of Endowment and the Fate of Trustees of the Khan School of Shiraz

Mohammad Sadegh Mirzaabolghasemi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 295-313

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.387717.473767

Abstract

The Khan School is one of the buildings of the Safavid era in Shiraz. This school was built on a parcel of land known as "Pay-i Tal." Pay-i Tal was part of the properties of Allahverdi ... Read More The Khan School is one of the buildings of the Safavid era in Shiraz. This school was built on a parcel of land known as "Pay-i Tal." Pay-i Tal was part of the properties of Allahverdi Khan (d. 1613), the governor of Fars during the reign of Shah Abbas Safavi (1587-1628). However, the construction of the school continued during the rule of his son, Imam Quli Khan. Imam Quli Khan issued a deed of endowment for the Khan School on the twenty-fifth of Ramadan 1036 AH/1626 AD, which is the subject of the present article. This deed of endowment is the most significant historical document of the Khan School, and its study can be beneficial in understanding some cultural and social transformations in Fars during the Safavid period. Therefore, this article presents the characteristics of the original document and the copies of the deed of endowment, and its content is examined and analyzed using historical evidence. The family of Imam Quli Khan was abruptly suppressed during Shah Safi’s reign. The sequence of trustees and the conditions mentioned in the endowment deed of Khan School also provide a basis for tracing the descendants of Imam Quli Khan in this article. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and the method of data collection is both library-based and field-based.The results of this research show that Imam Quli Khan, shortly before the death of Shah Abbas, endowed a significant portion of his properties through two endowment deeds, entrusting their management to his eldest son, Safi Quli Khan. This action was perhaps his strategy to preserve his legacy. All the endowments of Imam Quli Khan on Khan School are located in Fars, with the most important being the lands surrounding Khan School, which were left by Allahverdi Khan. The conditions set by Imam Quli Khan for this endowment are based on two main axes: first, to strengthen and ensure the Trustee of Khan School in the name of his eldest son, Safi Quli Khan, and its continuation within his male descendants; second, the purpose and subject of expenditure of the endowment's revenues.The endowments of Khan School, also known as the endowments of Imam Quli Khan, ceased to exist. Nevertheless, the historical legacy of these endowments and their trustees has resulted in the establishment of a branch of the Mashsha'i from Khuzestan, referred to as Sadat Mowla, in Shiraz, and the subsequent development of a neighborhood bearing their name in the vicinity of Khan School.

Research Paper

American Schools and Educational Policies during the Pahlavi I Era (1925-1941)

Nooralddin Nemati; Ali Shahbani Nasri

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 315-344

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.385450.473752

Abstract

One of the actions of American Christian missionaries in Iran during the Qajar period was the establishment of schools with a new educational style in various parts of the country. ... Read More

Volume 15 (2023)

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Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 10 (2018)

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Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2015)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2013)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 1 (2009)

Volume 16 (1403)

Volume & Issue: Volume 16, Issue 2 - Serial Number 38, March 2025, Pages 1-356

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