Historical Sciences Studies

Abstract The main subject of Abu Talib Fenderski's book, Tohfat ol-Alam, is to describe the characteristics of King Sultan Hussein and the events of the first two years of his rule. One of the aspects of the analysis of this work that seems to be able to help understand the genealogy of its content is the comparison of the 14 characteristics attributed to Shah Sultan Hussein in Tohfat ol-Alam with the merits of the desired Iranian ruler in Wolfgang Knauth's book the ideal king of Ancient Iran. Using a library method in data collection and a descriptive-analytical and comparative method in processing them, this article seeks to answer the question of what similarities Fenderski mentioned for his praiseworthy ruler (Shah Sultan Hussein) with the merits of an ideal king Do they have in the book Knauth? The findings of this study show that among the fourteen traits, competencies such as justice, courage and combat skills, generosity, facial beauty and body fit, tolerance and self-control, wisdom, and knowledge are highlighted under similar titles in both books. Some attributes such as religiosity, benevolence and good fortune, good morals, and eloquence, although not given a specific title in the book of Knauth, about them, other statements have been made that are relatively convergent with the mentioned attributes. The last category of attributes such as mercy, avoidance of haste, chastity, and infallibility, is simple biology to which Knauth has occasionally made brief

Abstract Judicial disputes of the society in the Constitutional period including legal and criminal lawsuits represent events which occurred in the social, administrative and political context in Iran.This analytic-descriptive study seeks to explore the lawsuits and legal claims among the sources especially the judicial documents left from the people of Tehran in the Constitutional period. Property and financial disputes, inheritance and endowment are mentioned in the field of litigation of that period.The findings prove that financial issues were the most problematic ones for the people. The fledgling constitutional regime had growing financial crises since its inception.Among the many reasons for this was the improper performance of the former Qajar government facing economical problems. The value of Iran's currency fell severely in comparison to the other credible foreign currencies.Furthermore, despite the severe monetary fluctuation, the existing liquidity of the country could not meet the domestic needs of the country. This situation affected people and led to many financial lawsuits and legal claims.Furthermore, despite the severe monetary fluctuation, the existing liquidity of the country could not meet the domestic needs of the country. This situation affected people and led to many financial lawsuits and legal claims.Furthermore, despite the severe monetary fluctuation, the existing liquidity of the country could not meet the domestic needs of the country. This situation affected people and led to many financial lawsuits and legal claims

Abstract Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi (1304-1393) is one of the most famous Iranian scholars who, with his unique style, has succeeded in creating many works in the field of historical studies.  Although he did not follow the usual academic style in these works, he combined history with auxiliary sciences; But in the contents of his various works, one can find - explicitly or implicitly - things that stem from his theoretical reflections and the foundations of his historical thought. In his opinion, what are the existential components of history and what is their role in historical studies? In his ontology, the three elements of time, place and actors are the basic structures that create the formation of history. The nature of these elements and their correlation in the creation of historical events are the main axes which are in the focus of this research. The findings of the current study, which is based on a descriptive-analytical method, show that- in Bastani Parizi thought- although space can act as a factor for the identification and determination of actors, and provides the basis for their success and failure, ignoring the element of time can drive back the action of actors and its geographical context, from the historical arena to the mythical realm

Abstract
The territory of Hayat Davoud is a geographical district alongside the Persian Gulf which is now located in Bushehr Province. By the middle of Zandiye era to the end of Pahlavi kingdom, Genaveh and Rig; two historical ports, and also Kharg and Khargou islands made up this block. The adventuresome history of the territory roots in the beginning of Safavid dynasty when a group of migrant Lors called [Hayat Gheybi] resided there and comes to end by the Pahlavi`s fall. The new comers assigned their ancestors` title to the area; Hayat Davoud.Considering the importance of this district alongshore the Persian Gulf and its islands and also its political events during the time limit of this study, the research aims to investigate the geographical history of the area, the landlords of Hayat Davoud and their governing history and finally those governor's` roles in political and economic up and downs of the territory which can be considered as the main objective of the study. By doing this research, the following questions are going to be answered: the etymology of Hayat Davoud? What are the influential factors evolving the territory politically and economically during the Qajar and Pahlavi era? And, what happened to the landlords and executive officers of the Hayat Davoud block? This historical research is done on a descriptive-analytic method and the historical documents, library resources and oral history have been applied as the material of the study

Abstract Expanding of the transport routes and having a sea route is the most important comparative advantage for the economic and political stability of a country and reduces dependence on neighboring countries. However, during the Qajar period, little attention was paid to this issue. During Reza Shah's reign, there was an extensive development in the road construction, that some have been referred it as "Knitting Iran together". Now, the main question is what factors influenced the extensive road construction policy of Iran during the Reza Shah period? This paper wants to answer this question based on the theory of dependent development and the model of the central-peripheral world economic system. The premise of this paper is that the growth of Iran's agricultural economy, especially the Northern provinces in the last decades of the Qajar period was influenced by the economic development of the semi-peripheral country of Russia. Research findings Shows that this dependence continued during the reign of Reza Shah and the Russians aware of Iran's economic dependence on this country, used it as leverage to apply their political and economic goals. Thus, an important part of Iran's road-building policy was to reduce Russian trade pressures on the northern provinces. The government expanded its road construction policy to south and the west of the country with the aim of access to the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean ports. Construction of Tabriz-Ruwanduz road to the Mediterranean Sea could end Russia's economic domination of the northern and western provinces of Iran

Abstract Idris Bitlisi was one of the Bureaucrats of the Aq Quyunlu’s curt who took refuge in the Ottoman Empire and in the court of Sultan Bayezid II after the Safavid rule came to power. He held important government official in the Ottoman Empire and left literary, historical, religious and even medical Books. One of the last ecclesiastical works was "Qanoon-e-Shahanshahi" in the ethics and customs of the Sultan, which he wrote for Sultan Selim. The "Qanoon-e-Shahanshahi" presented the requirements and functions of the Kingdom institution in Iran in the form of Gods gift and drew a favorable model of the Persian kings of justice and religion for the Ottoman sultan. The purpose of this article is to analyze the political thought of Idris Bitlisi and the influence of the tradition of writing Andarznameh with a focus on the Iranian Governmental model on the "Qanoon-e- Shahanshahi". Therefore, the present article is organized with an analytical approach and using the content analysis method based on these questions, from what ideas and sources Idris Bitlisi was influenced and how he proposed the model of Iranian Government in the "Qanoon-e-Shahanshahi". Findings show that Bitlisi has compiled the "Qanoon-e-Shahanshahi" in the context of the works of political ethics, but in terms of content and political thought by using the Andarznameh of predecessors such as the Siasatnameh and Nasihat-al-Muluk and the adaptation of thought Their political extension extended the tradition of writing Andarznameh on the axis of the Iranian Governmental model in the Ottoman Empire.