Historical Sciences Studies

Abstract With the death of Yazdgerd III and the Arab domination of a large part of Sassanid Iran, the local dynasties of Tabarestan turned there into a base of Iranian resistance against the Arabs in order to preserve their culture and identity. One of the most famous of these dynasties was the Dabuyids, which strongly resisted the Arabs at the time of the Umayyads and the Abbasids and even managed to expand their borders from the east to Neishabour. When the Spahbeds were resisting against the Arabs and the Turks, the Tang Empire was able to defeat the Turks and reach the vicinity of the borders of Greater Khorasan. The presence of Tang troops near the territorial borders of Al- Dabuyih and the need of the two to avert the threat of the Arabs paved the way for political contact between them. Details of these relationships are reflected in the Chinese texts. Since no independent and comprehensive research has been provided on the details of this information, the present article intends to first describe the situation of Tabarestan in the Dabuyid period, then analyze the reasons for their efforts to gain the support of the Tang emperors. The researcher believes that on the one hand, the first ambassador of Tabarestan was sent to the Tang court during the time of Farrukhan the Great, On the other hand, the policy of the Tang’s court was not only to support the descendants of Yazdgerd III in Tokharistan, but also to reduce the threat of the Arabs, who were hindering its ambitions in Central Asia, by submitting Tabarestan to Anxi Grand Protectorate

Abstract With the death of Sultan Abu Sa'id, the last Mongol Ilkhanate in 736 AH, the Ilkhanate territory was divided between the Sarbadars and various emirs of the Mongol rule. Governors such as the Chopanian and the Al-e Jalayer came to power at this point in history by pull out members of the royal family with family ties to the great Mongol. These Ilkhans, numbering 9, are known in historical research as the puppet Ilkhans. One of the most famous of these Ilkhans is a man named Sulayman Khan who came to power with the support of Sheikh Hassan Kouchak Chopani. Between the years 744-739 AH, this ilkhan ruled over large parts of the territory of the pastoral rulers. Study of numismatic evidence proves that 82 different mints named Suleiman Khan minted coins. In this paper, by study the historical documents and separating the existing coins based on their minting year, an attempt has been made to compare the historical data on the conquest of different areas with the evidence of minting coins in that territory. According to the information obtained from the coins, it is clear that several mints in Anatolia and Diyarbakir between the years 745 to 748 AH called Sulayman Khan minted coins. These data prove that the period of Sulayman Khan's rule after the official end announced in the historical texts (744 AH) lasted a few more years in some parts of the government

Abstract At the beginning of Safavid period and the conversion of Iran to Shia, there was a need for texts explaining the jurisprudence regulations of this religion in different fields to all members of society. The field of Shurūt and Vasāyiq that specifies the instructions of preparing and writing legal documents is one of the fields. Its great importance along with the lack of resources in this regard, made ‘Abdulḥai -ibn- ‘Abdulvahhāb Hosseini, Herat’s judge (Qāżī) in the reign of Shah Ismail I and Shah Tahmasb I and one of the cultural elites in last Timurid era, write a handbook based on Shia jurisprudence to guide the staff in religious registries. This handbook entitled Jamāl al-Inshā (Beauty of Inshā) containing plenty of legal documents and historical letters can also be considered as an example of sources called Munsha’āt (collection of letters). Despite its importance, the book has not been yet investigated on. If this text is compared with its contemporary and similar works and the historical context in the time of its compilation is regarded, then it will be clear that the author’s purpose in writing the book, has been strengthening Shia resources in jurisprudence. Furthermore, this book is so important in studying historical events in Herat in sixteenth century such as the results of repeated attacks by uzbeks to this area and also the conflicts among Safavid authorities in Khorasan.
 

Abstract Safavid Iran was a time of widespread grievances of the people against the injustices of government officials and other powerful people. Therefore, recognizing the oppressors and their characteristics in this period can show a part of the social life of the people through their protests against the performance of government agents. The main question of the present study is what effect did the policies of the Safavid government have on the praxis of the oppressors of this era and what changes did it make in them typologically? Examining the oppressors of the Safavid period in various documents, books and documents, and based on the findings of the research, it should be said that in the beginning of this government, due to the turmoil in the country, there was less opportunity for the oppressors to show themselves, but since the reign of Shah Abbas First, as well as his successors, the stability of the government gradually led to the establishment of the institution of grievances and the emergence of behaviors such as collective grievances, writing grievances and creating a kind of cohesion, perseverance and even planning, as well as trade union solidarity and It became a group of oppressors. For the first time, nomads, women, minorities and foreigners joined the oppressed category for the first time. In the present study, this issue has been investigated based on historical method and descriptively-analytical and based on library data retrieval.

Abstract The development of Safavid studies in the contemporary period raises the need to evaluate and review researches in this field from the rise of Safavid studies until now. Safavid studies was a deep-rooted and at the same time important effort to know Iran in the 10th to 12th AH/16th to 18th centuries. This effort was on the one hand a reflection of Iranian scholars researches and on the other hand the achievement of Iranologists, especially Western and Europeans. This paper tries to identify and introduce examples of research in this field while pointing to the early stages of Safavid studies and classifying its basic periods, and to pay attention to the views on the developments in Iran during the Safavid era. Safavid studies can be divided into two major categories, Iranian and non-Iranian. Iranian researches on this subject began in the Safavid era, but in fact in later periods, and especially in contemporary Iranian historiography found a worthy place. The most important part of Safavid studies is the contribution of Europeans and then American scientific centers and Iranologists. There is also an indication to the research shortcomings of this issue, suggestions for expanding the fields of Safavid studies and attention to the use of Iranian historical documents, epistles, and sources, the need to pay attention to European and Western visual sources, especially historical maps and paintings and attention to Iranian maritime history. Safavid era and rethinking in the concept of the Iranian world is another part of the current study.
 

Abstract Around the eighth century AH, three villages in the Ardakān region of Yazd: Sharifābād, Turkābād, and Ahmadābād, which were close together, greatly influenced the religious life of Zoroastrians. This influence was the result of the migration of Mubedān-e-Mubed and their servants from Fars to this region. As a result of research, it was determined with the migration of two families of Mubedān to this area, they took on important religious duties. These were their three main tasks and roles: first guarding the holy fire, they had brought this fire with them from the Azar-Faranbaγ temple in Fars. Second, duplication of old manuscripts of Avestan texts. Transcribed versions are now considered old versions themselves. Third, answering the religious questions of the Zoroastrians of India. In addition to reviewing numerous texts and articles, the administrative documents of the Nāseri Association of Sharifābād branch in different decades were carefully examined in this study. By examining the old documents of endowments and documents of Mubedān and the former chiefs of the village, important information was obtained. In this regard, the ambiguities were resolved by asking the elderly people of Sharifābād. Also, by identifying the old houses of the Mubedān, a possible place of transcription of the Avesta was found. This is one of the oldest versions of the Avesta in the world (version 976).

Abstract The ancient village of Joshaqan in the region of Kashan, which is located near the rocky hills, has long been a place of stone extraction. In the Safavid cemetery of this village, there are thirty large tombstones that are valuable in terms of history, art and cultural and social content. The present paper, which is based on field study, while paying attention to the artistic and visual characteristics of Joshaqan tombstones, the text and content of the inscriptions was carefully examined. Then, the designs and content of the stone inscriptions were evaluated from different aspects. The examination includes the form, decorations, type and quality of lines, and especially the religious and cultural content of Shiite inscriptions, identification of the names and nominal culture, families, occupations and the dating of the tombstones. The religious content of the inscriptions is mainly related to the Shiite slogan of salawat-i kabira. Moreover, these stones were briefly compared with other examples in Iran. The results depict a part of the social history and culture and livelihood of the people of Joshaqan in the Safavid period as an example of the culture of all parts of Iran. Of course, the livelihood of the people of Joshqan was affected by the stone-cutting industry, and the owners of a number of tombstones were stone-cutters or members of the stone-cutting family. Also, the large tombstones of this cemetery have lost their use with the end of the Safavid period, a trend that is more or less present in other places as well.

Abstract Endowment is considered as one of the confirming institutions in the history of Iran. Benefactor managed the maintenance of the endowment by appointing a trustee for the endowments. Also, in some cases, it uses a person as an observer (approving or informing) to take care of the work in charge. The structure of endowment supervision in the Qajar era can be divided into two periods; the first period which was mostly managed by the clergymen, local trustees and benefactors’ relatives. And the second period was the time for lawfulness of endowment organization that its certain realization was expressed after constitutional in the 6th article of constitution in Sha’ban and also in the constitution amendment on Jumada al-Thani 19 th .During the study of 250 endowments related to Neyshabour in the Qajar era, we face 56 endowments in which the topics like supervisor (informational or ascertainment) and supervision of endowments are mentioned in the main text. From reviewing and comparing the text of these documents, we come to the conclusion that According to the provided text in each endowment, supervisors have three types of dependence on the benefactor; 10 Kinship relation between the supervisor and benefactor 20 Non-kinship relation between the supervisor and benefactor 3. Reliable people and local Trustees. Endowment supervision in Neyshabour community has mostly depended on the benefactor’s desire and choice and he/she often has given it over to himself or his reliable relatives. Succession process and extinction assumption is among factors which won’t stay away of the benefactor and usually the supervision was given over to scholars and local clergymen or from the beginning clergymen and local scholars supervised the endowments. Among other reliable people and local trustees were Sayyids who have supervised in some endowments.

Abstract In the nineteenth century, sublime government of protected countries of empire of Iran (SGPCEI), like other Asian states and societies (most of which lost their independence), came under pressure from imperialist states, especially Great Britain and Russia, because of its strategic position, and the Iranian people, like many other Asian peoples. They accepted their declining destiny and the supremacy of the West. The situation remained the same and unchanged until in the late nineteenth century the Sunny Empire or Japan began a wave of modernist reforms that culminated in the Meiji period and resulted in the creation of an invincible force even against the Russian Empire, a It was a Western superpower. The question here is what did the Iranians know about the developments in Japan, what was the source of this knowledge, what effect did it have on Iranian thought and social or even economic developments, and what was the reaction of the Japanese people and government to the new developments in Iran. The article concludes that with the arrival of the Japanese news by Reuters, a wave of revolutionary and proto-Pan-Asiaism was formed in Iran, which resulted in a constitutional revolution while the Japanese did not know either Iran or the political situation of both countries, they did not pay attention

Abstract Two of the Behbahan intellectuals who were involved in the Constitutional Revolution were AbutalebBehbahani and MirzaMoin al-Islam Behbahani. AbutalebBehbahani has spoken of lawmaking, parliament, and the constitution in his book, "The Manhajul al-Ali" or "A Treatise on the Rule of Law", and has tried to encourage and stimulate the Qajar king Nasser al-Din. Mu'in al-Islam Behbahani also addressed the political ideas of the constitutional period and afterwards with the book Miftafa al-Tamdani fi Sayyid al-Mudn, or the Keys to Advancement in Social Policy. He has studied the political and social issues of the constitutional era and concepts such as the emergence of the nation, the "national army", the "national lawyers", the reforms in Iran and the constitutional challenges after its victory. The question of the present study is what role did Abu Talib and Moin al-Islam Behbahani, the intellectuals of Behbahan, play in the Constitutional Revolution? And this research is based on the assumption that Aboutaleb Behbahani as a theorist, in formulating the principles and formation of constitutional concepts, and Mirza Moin al-Islam Behbahani as a reformer have played a key role in formulating ways to improve and reform the constitutional system. The research method used in this article is descriptive and analytical and has a qualitative nature.

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