Historical Sciences Studies

Research Paper

Application of the Theory of "Crisis" in Historical Sciences: A Case Study of the Ideology of the Iranian Constitutional Movement by Adamiyat

Fatemeh Ahmadvand

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 1-26

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.386212.473758

Abstract

Spragens's theory of crisis is presented to understand political ideas in the form of dividing the text of thought into propositions focused on the crisis, the causes of ... Read More

Research Paper

The Portrayal of the Medes and the Rise of Government in Pars in Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Sources

Hossein Badamchi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 27-50

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.389019.473775

Abstract

The reconstruction of Median history in modern scholarship primarily relies on two main sources: the Greek narrative, particularly Herodotus' Histories, and the Neo-Assyrian and ... Read More The reconstruction of Median history in modern scholarship primarily relies on two main sources: the Greek narrative, particularly Herodotus' Histories, and the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian sources written in cuneiform. Scholars like Diakonoff (1956) regarded Herodotus as providing "the only genuine coherent history of Media." Despite his extensive use of cuneiform records related to Media, Diakonoff still validated the key events of Median history primarily through Herodotus. This reliance on Greek sources, while valuable, has shaped modern interpretations of the Median kingdom, often overshadowing the wealth of information found in contemporary cuneiform texts. This essay critically re-examines four fundamental aspects of the Median kingdom as described by Herodotus, revisiting these themes in light of cuneiform evidence. The aspects explored include: the establishment of an empire by the Medes, the existence of a unified Median royal dynasty, the number of kings who ruled Media and their familial relationships, and whether or not the kingdom of Cyrus the Great was a vassal of Media before its rise. Additionally, the essay delves into the political and military developments of the late seventh century BCE, when a new force emerged in the Ancient Near East, leading to the eventual downfall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. It argues that cuneiform sources should be prioritized over Greek accounts due to their closer proximity to the events they describe, thus offering a more direct view of Median history. The analysis also considers the biases inherent in both the Greek and cuneiform narratives, acknowledging how political and religious motives may have influenced their portrayals of events. Ultimately, the essay calls for a more nuanced understanding of the Medes, suggesting that a combination of both Greek and cuneiform sources, when critically analyzed, can offer a more comprehensive, balanced reconstruction of Median history, culture, politics, and lasting legacy.

Research Paper

The Castle of Espe-rūz or Espe-rez: A New Suggested Site for Espe-rūz Castle, the Residence of King Iskandar Badospani (1333-1360), in the Village of Zanous in the West of Mazandaran

Hamidreza Pashazanous

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 51-78

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.376992.473714

Abstract

tranDuring the Arab invasion of Iran, Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651) reportedly granted the Dabuyid ruler Gil Gavbara control over Tabaristan. Gil Gavbara's ... Read More tranDuring the Arab invasion of Iran, Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651) reportedly granted the Dabuyid ruler Gil Gavbara control over Tabaristan. Gil Gavbara's son, Baduspan I, was given control over Ruyan in 665, thereby establishing the Baduspanid dynasty, which governed the region until the 1590s. Following the demise of Kayumarth I in 1453, a dynastic conflict ensued, leading to the division of the Baduspanid kingdom between Kayumarth’s sons, Iskandar IV and Ka'us II, in Kojur and Nur respectively. Amidst the strife between these two brothers, the castles of Mazandaran they have gained significant importance, with their control playing a pivotal role in the survival of each contender. Among these fortresses, Espe-rūz or Espe-rez Castle stands out as one of the most prominent, having long intrigued historians. This article seeks to pinpoint the location of this castle by analyzing historical and archaeological findings discovered in Zanous village, situated in Kojour District of Nowshahr County, Mazandaran province, Iran. When the author was examining the documents of the old families of Tabaristan to write an article about Baduspanan, he came across the name of Espe-rez and the existence of the Espe-rez Castle in the mountains around the Zanos forest in Kejur Mazandaran. Further examination of the documents, historical texts and research about this topic revealed two views about the castle and Mount Espe-rez recorded in the local documents of Tabaristan and the castle of Espe-rūz mentioned in the historical texts. Scholars such as Rabino still consider its location unknown, and some like Professor Manouchehr Sotoudeh, without mentioning any documents, consider Espe-rūz Castle to be in the vicinity of Kajour. However, after observing historical and archeological evidence, the author came to the hypothesis that the village and fortress of Espe-rez in the ancient documents and rumors of the natives of the region could be the same as the village and fortress of Espe-rūz in historical texts.

Research Paper

The Reflection of the Political Geography in the Formation and Transformation of Elamite Pantheon

Hamidreza Peighambari

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 79-106

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.379629.473730

Abstract

The Elamite pantheon underwent significant changes in the course of long history of Elam, since the treaty between Akkadian king, Narām-Sin and Hitta, king of Awan dynasty in the late ... Read More

Research Paper

Recognizing the Concept of "Dastak" in Iranian Usage, from the Point of View of Diplomatics

Hassan Zandiyeh; Hossein Sovmaeh

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 107-133

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.387398.473764

Abstract

Dastak is a Persian term that holds several significant meanings in the historical geography of the Persian language, especially in Iran and India. While Persian documents in India, ... Read More

Research Paper

Qurazi Men and Their Activism after the Fifth Year of Hijri

Bashir Seraji; Mahdi Mojtahedi; Asghar Montazeralghaem

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 135-168

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.379951.473732

Abstract

The Qurazis, also known as the Banu Qurayza, were a group within the Jewish community who had been present in Yathrib for several centuries before the Hijra. After the Hijra, they were ... Read More

Research Paper

A Critical Reading of Plato's Account of the Wars between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greeks, in the Dialogue of Manexenus

Esmaeil Sangari; Farzad Rafieifar

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 169-192

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.385806.473755

Abstract

Plato in the Menexenus dialogue describes a conversation between Socrates and a young Athenian citizen, named Menexenus . In this dialogue, Socrates narrates a funeral speech in praise ... Read More

Research Paper

Manners of Sitting and Standing in Royal Gatherings of the Safavid Court

Ali Mashhadi Rafi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 193-218

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.380234.473734

Abstract

The importance of the manners of sitting and standing of the courtiers and royal officials in most of the royal gatherings and the significance of the established patterns for ... Read More

Research Paper

Rock Reliefs of Sar-e Pol-e Zohab

Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 219-263

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.389950.473780

Abstract

The rock reliefs of Sar-e Pol-e Zohab pass have been the focus of numerous scholarly publications over the past two centuries. From the very beginning, the strategic importance ... Read More

Research Paper

Re-identification of Historical and Archaeological of the Communication Routes of the Islamic City of JORJĀN in its Multiple Communication Network in Northeast of Iran

Jamileh Mansouri Jezabadi; Mohammad Esmaeil Esmaeili Jelodar; Mohammad Mortezayi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 265-294

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.379516.473729

Abstract

JORJĀN was an economic, cultural, scientific and political hub in the district of Jorjan during the third, fourth and fifth centuries AH. The prosperity of trade made it one of the ... Read More JORJĀN was an economic, cultural, scientific and political hub in the district of Jorjan during the third, fourth and fifth centuries AH. The prosperity of trade made it one of the richest cities in Iran. Historical Written sources have spoken about the commercial connection of the city of Jorjan with Neyshābūr, Khwarezm, Ray, the cities of Tabarestan especially Tamisa and Amol, and even the cities of the Caspian province on the other side of the Caspian lake. During the first six centuries of the Islamic era, the city of JORJĀN was known as the economic hub of the JORJĀN region. Jorjan had established trade relations and cultural exchanges with important cities such as Neyshabur, Ray, Amol and Khwarezm by land and with the cities of the Khazar region and beyond by sea. Therefore, the main question of the research was considered as what were the transportation routes of the city of Jorjan, during its life, from the first centuries of Islam until the time of the Mongol attack that caused the destruction of this city? According to the identification of the possible location of one of the gates of the city wall by the authors during the research, can we find a meaningful connection between the roads leading to the city and this gate? This research has been done using written historical sources and archaeological evidence and with a library method and a descriptive and analytical approach. The researches led to the identification of the roads connecting the city of Jorjan with Neyshabur, Ray, the cities of Tabarestan, Khwarezm and the port of Abaskun and a large number of inter-road places and staging posts on these routes were also accurately located. According to the location of the possible gate discovered, the result of the research shows that this gate was used to connect the city of Jorjanand the port of Abaskun. Also, there is a weak possibility that this gate was accessed by the Bakrabad-Estarabad road or the roads leading to Khwarezm and Dehistan.

Research Paper

The Endowment of Imam Quli Khan: Characteristics of the Deed of Endowment and the Fate of Trustees of the Khan School of Shiraz

Mohammad Sadegh Mirzaabolghasemi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 295-313

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.387717.473767

Abstract

The Khan School is one of the buildings of the Safavid era in Shiraz. This school was built on a parcel of land known as "Pay-i Tal." Pay-i Tal was part of the properties of Allahverdi ... Read More The Khan School is one of the buildings of the Safavid era in Shiraz. This school was built on a parcel of land known as "Pay-i Tal." Pay-i Tal was part of the properties of Allahverdi Khan (d. 1613), the governor of Fars during the reign of Shah Abbas Safavi (1587-1628). However, the construction of the school continued during the rule of his son, Imam Quli Khan. Imam Quli Khan issued a deed of endowment for the Khan School on the twenty-fifth of Ramadan 1036 AH/1626 AD, which is the subject of the present article. This deed of endowment is the most significant historical document of the Khan School, and its study can be beneficial in understanding some cultural and social transformations in Fars during the Safavid period. Therefore, this article presents the characteristics of the original document and the copies of the deed of endowment, and its content is examined and analyzed using historical evidence. The family of Imam Quli Khan was abruptly suppressed during Shah Safi’s reign. The sequence of trustees and the conditions mentioned in the endowment deed of Khan School also provide a basis for tracing the descendants of Imam Quli Khan in this article. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical, and the method of data collection is both library-based and field-based.The results of this research show that Imam Quli Khan, shortly before the death of Shah Abbas, endowed a significant portion of his properties through two endowment deeds, entrusting their management to his eldest son, Safi Quli Khan. This action was perhaps his strategy to preserve his legacy. All the endowments of Imam Quli Khan on Khan School are located in Fars, with the most important being the lands surrounding Khan School, which were left by Allahverdi Khan. The conditions set by Imam Quli Khan for this endowment are based on two main axes: first, to strengthen and ensure the Trustee of Khan School in the name of his eldest son, Safi Quli Khan, and its continuation within his male descendants; second, the purpose and subject of expenditure of the endowment's revenues.The endowments of Khan School, also known as the endowments of Imam Quli Khan, ceased to exist. Nevertheless, the historical legacy of these endowments and their trustees has resulted in the establishment of a branch of the Mashsha'i from Khuzestan, referred to as Sadat Mowla, in Shiraz, and the subsequent development of a neighborhood bearing their name in the vicinity of Khan School.

Research Paper

American Schools and Educational Policies during the Pahlavi I Era (1925-1941)

Nooralddin Nemati; Ali Shahbani Nasri

Volume 16, Issue 2 , March 2025, Pages 315-344

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2024.385450.473752

Abstract

One of the actions of American Christian missionaries in Iran during the Qajar period was the establishment of schools with a new educational style in various parts of the country. ... Read More

Investigating the Causes of the Failure of the English Company of Muscovy in Safavid Iran

Volume 15, Issue 1 , May 2023, , Pages 23-43

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2023.353538.473619

Abstract

In the 16th century, international trade underwent profound changes, the establishment of trade corporations and new trade routes being among the most significant proofs and evidence. ... Read More

The Activity of Local Elites in Fars Province The Case Study: Moshir al-Molk Family (1763-1876)

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2019, , Pages 59-78

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2019.248030.472918

Abstract

The local and bureau elites had been always among the effective political and social groups in Fars province in a way that the Fars governance was directly related to their performance. ... Read More

The Origin of the Headgear on Early Arsacid Coins (from Arsaces I to Mithradates I)

Volume 11, Issue 2 , March 2020, , Pages 21-41

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2019.276734.473087

Abstract

Scholars, in their study of Parthian numismatics, mostly emphasize the Hellenistic and Persian-Achaemenid heritage and ignore Scythian cultural elements. One of the most important motifs ... Read More

The Economic Situation of Kushan Empire and the Affecting Factors Around it

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2019, , Pages 137-152

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2018.246097.472908

Abstract

While Kushan Empire, and in general, Central Asia is going to be studied historically, recognition of its economic situation gets a high level of importance. Therefore, their trade ... Read More

The Safavids' Economic Policy and its Impact on the Collapse of the State

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2019, , Pages 97-116

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2019.234188.472821

Abstract

Economic factors are among the many reasons that researchers consider as the causes of the collapse of Iranian governments during the Islamic era, what are being studies in the researches ... Read More

Research Paper

The Cartographic Heritage of Islamic Lands, in European Cartography

Fatemeh Faridi Majid

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.389522.473777

Abstract

Islamic civilization, as one of the main centers of scientific and civilizational developments in the third to tenth centuries AH/ninth to sixteenth centuries AD, played an unparalleled ... Read More Islamic civilization, as one of the main centers of scientific and civilizational developments in the third to tenth centuries AH/ninth to sixteenth centuries AD, played an unparalleled role in the collection, development, and dissemination of world knowledge. In a large part of the eastern lands and during the aforementioned period, Islamic civilization not only preserved the heritage of the Greek, Indian, Iranian, and Roman civilizations, but also led to the production of new knowledge with remarkable innovations. Among them, the knowledge of geography and cartography, as one of the valuable achievements of this civilization, has a special place. Islamic cartography, by intelligently adapting the knowledge of its predecessors and being fully aware of geographical sources such as Ptolemy's Almagest, and combining it with new findings in the form of different styles and schools of map drawing, quickly became a leading field in the science of cartography and left a rich legacy for other civilizations. After the Middle Ages, Europeans, motivated by the discovery of new lands, needed accurate and scientific maps and geographical texts, and they were able to obtain a large part of them from the scientific geographical capital of Muslims. The turning point of this civilizational shift occurred on the island of "Sicily", although Europe had been familiar with Muslim geographical works for a century or two earlier. This study, using the method of historical research and comparative analysis, aims to examine the role and impact of cartography during the Islamic period on modern European cartography, and analyzes the status of cartography in both civilizational areas and the process and ways of transferring cartographic knowledge from the East (Islam) to the West (Europe). This study highlights the importance of cultural and scientific interactions between civilizations and shows that Islamic cartography is one of the foundations of modern European cartography.

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Research Paper

Survey of the encounter of Qajar officials with American evangelical missions

Azam Fooladi_Panah; Bagher Ali Adelfar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.385434.473751

Abstract

The apparent tolerance of government leaders with Christian missionaries in Iran goes back to the Safavid period. The Qajar kings, who followed the Safavids in religious practice and ... Read More The apparent tolerance of government leaders with Christian missionaries in Iran goes back to the Safavid period. The Qajar kings, who followed the Safavids in religious practice and profession and were famous for religious orientation, did not oppose the presence and activities of individual Christian missionaries such as Henry Martin, Joseph Wolf, etc. in Iran from the beginning. The presence and activities of foreign missionaries in Iran during the Qajar era is one of the important topics in the social and religious history of Iran. Qajar Iran was the destination of many Christian missionaries, and during this period, French, English, German, Russian, etc. missionaries spread Christianity in many areas of Iran in different ways. Now, in this Period among the evangelizing groups that entered Iran from the middle of the Qajar period, the American evangelizing missions were the first Protestant missionary groups that started evangelizing in Iran. One of the most important issues about the American missions has been the way the Qajar government officials deal with the members of these missions. The current research seeks to investigate the encounter of Qajar courtiers, including kings, ministers, local governors, military leaders, princes, etc., with the American missionaries and their activities, relying on the the descriptive-analytical method and citing library sources. The results of the research show that the confrontation between Qajar leaders and American missionaries is divided into two types: interactive and confrontational. In this way, each of the Qajar officials showed different behaviors and supported or opposed them according to the prevailing conditions, interests, interest in modernity, the type of action of the American missionaries towards the Muslims, etc. Also, the level of interaction and cooperation of the Qajar officials was more than their opposition and confrontation with the American missionaries. This caused the expansion of the activities of the American mission and their long-term presence in Iran.

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Research Paper

Population Deportation and Sasanian Economic Transformation: Labor, Trade, and Taxation

Mahsa Mahjoob Shishegari; Kolsoum Ghazanfari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.395061.473806

Abstract

During the Sasanian period, population movements-including wartime captives and state-organized resettlements-played an important role in shaping the empire's economic development ... Read More

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Research Paper

The Impact of Pahlavi Government’s Health Policies on Improving the Condition of Meat with an Emphasis on Newly Discovered Documents (1334-1357 AH)

masoud kasiri; matin sadat eslahi; nozhat ahmadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.386398.473760

Abstract

With the rise to power of the Pahlavi government, the country’s health policies, which had begun during the constitutional era, were pursued with greater seriousness and expanded ... Read More

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Research Paper

An analysis of the symbolic evolution of the fish motif in the history of Iranian painting from the Ilkhanid to Safavid periods

Elaheh Panjehbashi; Rana Mohammadzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.385802.473754

Abstract

The fish motif, as one of the types of aquatic motifs alongside the element of water in Iranian painting, has various and multi-layered symbolic meanings. This motif, which has been ... Read More The fish motif, as one of the types of aquatic motifs alongside the element of water in Iranian painting, has various and multi-layered symbolic meanings. This motif, which has been represented in various forms in the history of Iranian art; in addition to its visual aesthetic aspects, has symbolic meanings that are linked to the religious, mythological, and cultural beliefs of Iranian society. In this article, the symbolic themes of the fish motif in selected paintings from the Ilkhanid to Safavid schools have been examined. The aim of the research, in addition to stating the history of the implementation of the fish motif in Iranian art works and reviewing the structural features of this motif, is to examine the symbolic meanings of the aforementioned motif in selected paintings from Iranian painting schools. The question here is: What symbolic themes and visual features did the fish motif have in the paintings? In addition, in which parts of the history of Iranian art can the roots of these symbolic meanings be sought? How has the visual evolution of the fish motif in paintings been? The collection of this material has been carried out using a library and documentary method, with a historical approach and a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research show that, in Iranian painting, the fish is not only a symbol of life, blessing, and stability, but also acts as a mediator between the earthly and spiritual worlds and has played an important role in explaining the worldview of Iranian artists. Although this motif has not played a frequent role in painting, in cases where it has been used, it has often played a key role in the visual narrative of the painting. However, in a more general view, this motif is an influential and meaningful element in the compositional structure of paintings, and its presence, often beyond the decorative aspect, carries symbolic concepts that add to the semantic richness of the work.

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Research Paper

Studying the Concept of Justice on Sasanian Coins: A Historical Analysis of the legend "l’st"

Esmaeil Matloubkari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.394712.473803

Abstract

This article is dedicated to the meaning, concept, and reason for minting the legend "l’st" on the coins of several Sasanian Kings of Kings in the fourth and fifth centuries ... Read More

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Research Paper

The Meaning and Concept of the Legend of "nwky" on the Coins of Yazdgird II

Esmaeil Matloubkari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.393967.473798

Abstract

The fifth century witnessed fundamental changes in the inscriptions on Sasanian coins. From the late fourth century, the relatively uniform list of legitimizing Sasanian titles changed ... Read More

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Research Paper

The Role of Hermias and Aristotle, Advisor to Philip II, in the Relations between the Achaemenid Empire and Macedonia (347-336 BC)

Hamidreza Pashazanous; Alireza karbasi; Esmaeil Sangari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22059/jhss.2025.392841.473795

Abstract

At the end of the Achaemenid period and after the changes of the era of Artaxerxes III (359/58 - 338 BC), Hermias was able to gradually expand his power in that region and through Aristotle ... Read More

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Volume 15 (2023)

Volume 14 (2022)

Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 10 (2018)

Volume 8 (2017)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2015)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2013)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 1 (2009)

Volume 16 (1403)

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